MICRB320 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Green Fluorescent Protein, Homing Endonuclease, Biogeochemistry

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orangecheetah563

22 Oct 2015

School

University of Alberta

Department

Microbiology (Biological Sciences)

Course

MICRB320

Professor

Rebecca Case

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Document Summary

Statement that there is no r/s between two conditions. Aim to disprove rather than prove within the scientific method. Hypothesis is proving r/s between each other. Method combinations taking labelled substrates to get into dna. Carbon substrate -> trace it thru the environment chains. *(b)*when*the*isotope:labeled*substrate*is*directly*added*to*soil,*the*13c*frac6on*is*less* abundant*and*more*enrichments*steps*might*have*to*be*made* dont have substrate, but know the other atoms. Eg. want to put a toxic compound where no carbon can be traced thru progeny. Incorprated into dna on organisms that are producing. Bromonaded - can use immunocapture to detect it. Incorporated into dna, so need dividing cells. Looking for ones that increased in their population. Isolated all the synthesized dna and then immunocapture and sequenced their 16s rrna. One is 200% different compared to replicate - results not reliable. Taxonomic distribution of 16s rrna genes from metagenomics. Brdu: dmsp incorporated into proteins, not dna (or.

Related Questions

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.

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1. What is the correct sequence of steps inthe scientific method?

I. Make observations and ask a question

II. Analyze the data

III. Develop a hypothesis

IV. Share the results with otherscientists

V. Design and perform an experiment to testthe hypothesis

a) I>II > III > IV > V

b) III > I > V > II > IV

c) V> IV > III > II > I

d) I> III > V >II > IV

e) V > II > I > III > IV

2. You have formulated a hypothesis: ï¿½Applescontain more vitamin C than oranges.ï¿½

To test your hypothesis you measure vitamin Clevels in 20 oranges and 20 apples from trees that were grown inthe same orchard under the same environmental conditions(temperature, rain, sunlight). This experiment was conducted twice.The control in the experiment is

a) type of soil, temperature, amount of rainand sunlight in the orchard

b) vitamin C levels

c) oranges

d) apples

e) a large sample size and repeatedexperiment

***Use the following information to answerquestions 3, 4, 5 & 6 below***:

A group of medical researchers investigatedthe effects of Drug X on lowering cholesterol levels in a group ofmen between the ages of 50 and 70 years old. The researchers didthe following experiment and obtained the indicatedresults: One group of 150 men took a tablet containingDrug X for 3 weeks ï¿½ 95 of these men decreased their cholesterollevels by at least 10% (three men from this group dropped out ofthe study). Another group of 150 men wasgiven a tablet with no added Drug X for 3 weeks ï¿½ 10 of these mendecreased their cholesterol levels by at least 10% (two men fromthis group dropped out of the study).

3. Which of the following is the besthypothesis for this experiment?

a) Will drug X lower cholesterol levels in menbetween the age of 50 and 70 years?

b) Drug X will lower cholesterol levels inmen.

c) Since high cholesterol levels significantlyincreases several health risks for men, drug X is most likelybeneficial.

d) Men between the age of 50 and 70 years willhave reduced cholesterol levels if they take drug X over a 3 weekperiod.

e) There is no significant difference incholesterol levels between men that take drug X and those thatdonï¿½t take it.

4. Which of the following was the controlgroup in this experiment?

a) the amount of Drug X contained in thetablet

b) the number of participants in each group atthe end of the experiment

c) the group of participants that receivedtablets containing Drug X

d) the group of participants that receivedtablets that did not contain Drug X

e) the number of participants in each group atthe beginning of the experiment

5. Which of the following is a dependentvariable in this experiment?

a) the amount of Drug X contained in thetablet

b) participants that received tabletscontaining Drug X

c) the average age of the participants

d) number of participants in each group at thebeginning of the experiment

e) cholesterol

6. Which of the following is an independentvariable in this experiment?

a) the amount of Drug X contained in thetablet

b) participants that received tabletscontaining Drug X

c) the average age of the participants

d) number of participants in each group at thebeginning of the experiment

e) cholesterol

7. A chemotherapy drug affects theenzyme DNA polymerase. In which part of the cell cycle does itinhibit cell division?

a) Metaphase

b) S phase

c) G1

d) Cytokinesis

e) Prophase

8. A researcher planted seeds from four typesof tomatoes (Roma, Cherry, Big Boy and Early Girl) in a greenhouseto determine which type of tomato produce the largest number oftomatoes per plant. The plants were grown for 70 days under thesame temperature and light conditions. The average results for 20plants of each type are shown below. Choose thedata set that demonstrates that Cherry tomatoes produce the largestnumber of tomatoes per plant.

a) Roma: 20 tomatoes, Cherry: 18 tomatoes, BigBoy: 30 tomatoes, Early Girl: 10 tomatoes

b) Roma: 1.8 lbs, Cherry: 2.8 lbs, Big Boy:2.7 lbs, Early Girl: 1.0 lbs

c) Roma: 3 cm, Cherry: 1 cm, Big Boy: 10 cm,Early Girl: 7 cm

d) Roma: 2 cm, Cherry: 10 cm, Big Boy: 7 cm,Early Girl: 6 cm

e) Roma: 23 tomatoes, Cherry: 28 tomatoes, BigBoy: 10 tomatoes, Early Girl: 27 tomatoes

9. The majority of climate scientists believethat the current change in climate is caused predominantly by________.

a) an enhancement of the greenhouse effect

b) a decreased reliance on fossil fuels forenergy

c) a thinning of the ozone layer

d) a melting of the polar icecaps

e) an increase in solar radiation

10. Based on the following phylogenetic tree,which of the following conclusions are *NOT*correct? Each letter represents a hypotheticalspecies.

a) A and E share a common ancestor

b) B is one of Aï¿½s ancestors

c) E and D are more closely related to eachother than to C

d) C is more closely related to E than toB

e) A and B are closely related

11. You are taking a cruise from California toHawaii. About halfway there the ship begins to sink. You are ableto board a lifeboat, but now you are floating in the ocean waitingto be rescued. After several days you are so thirsty that you bendover the side of the boat and drink lots of salty seawater. Whathappens to your body?

a) You throw up because sea salt is toxic tohumans.

b) You get thirstier because of osmosis.

c) Salt diffuses into your cells, waterfollows, your cells start to expand and you feel bloated.

d) Since sea water consist of 96.5% freshwater (and only 3.5% salt) you will feel much better.

e) You get dehydrated because water is unableto cross the semi-permeable membranes of your cells.

12. You are spraying your garden with apesticide and you accidentally swallow a smallamount. You read on the package that this pesticideinhibits ATP synthase. Should you be worried?

a) ATP synthase is part of the light dependentreaction in photosynthesis; this pesticide will therefore notaffect humans. So donï¿½t worry!

b) ATP synthase is an enzyme involved in thecitric acid cycle so all animals, humans included, will beaffected. Call the doctor.

c) ATP synthase found in the pesticide is avery toxic compound. Call the doctor.

d) ATP synthase is involved in bothphotosynthesis and cellular respiration. Call the doctor.

e) ATP synthase inhibitors will not affecthumans, but there might be other toxic ingredients in thepesticide, so it is best to call the doctor to be on the safeside.

13. In the following chemical reaction, whatis carbon dioxide (CO2)?

12 H20 + 6CO2 -> 1glucose molecule + 6 O2

a) substrate

b) product

c) enzyme

d) activation factor

e) independent variable

14. Which of the following is NOT a feature ofDNA?

a) Adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine(T)

b) Complimentary strands are anti-parallel,running in opposite directions

c) Complimentary strands are held together byhydrogen bonds between phosphate groups

d) Nucleotides within a single strand areconnected by covalent bonds

e) All of the above are features of DNA

15. A man who carries a harmful sex-linkedgene on his X chromosome, will pass the gene on to

a) All of his daughters

b) Half of his daughters

c) All of his sons

d) Half of his sons

e) All of his children

16. A double-stranded DNA molecule that has22% guanine will have

a) 28% thymine

b) 22% cytosine

c) 44% adenine

d) 26% uracil

e) Both A and B are correct

17. Which of the following variations could besubject to natural selection?

a) A dog with short legs due to malnutritionis able to crawl into holes better than his litter mates

b) A tree is not infested by a ground-dwellingbeetle when the homeowner cuts the lower branches

c) A hyena is born with a spotted fur patternthat allows it to hide in the grass better than his littermates

d) A pigeon learns than when its keeper comesnear it will be fed

e) All of these variations may be acted on bynatural selection

18. The ability of fireflies and angler fishto produce light is an example of convergent evolution. What canyou conclude about these two animals based on this information?

a) They share a recent common ancestor

b) They are both adapted to environments lowin light

c) The ability to produce light is an ancienttrait

d) They are found in the same location

e) All of the above

19. You observe the following outside yourwindow: A grasshopper is munching away on a leaf when ahawk swoops down and eats the grasshopper. What is the grasshopperin this situation?

a) secondary consumer

b) prey

c) herbivore

d) predator

e) both b, c and d

20. Which of the following statements is *NOT*true?

a) The cells resulting from meiosis arediploid and the cells resulting from mitosis are haploid.

b) Meiosis and meiosis both starts with onecell, but meiosis ends with four and mitosis withtwo.

c) Mitosis produces new cells for growth andrepair, meiosis produces gametes.

d) Mitosis goes through cytokinesis once,meiosis goes through cytokinesis twice.

e) Cross over happens in meiosis, but not inmitosis.

21. Neon, Ne, has an atomic number of 10 andan atomic mass of approximately 20. How many neutronsdoes neon have?

a) 5

b) 20

c) 10

d) 30

e) 15

22. An ionic bond is one in which

a) Outer shell electrons are sharedby two atoms in order to fill the electron shells of both atoms

b) Outer shell electrons of oneatom are transferred to the inner electron shell of anotheratom

c) Electrons are removed from oneatom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms becomeequally charged

d) Electrons are removed from theouter shell of one atom and transferred to the outer shell ofanother atom in order to completely fill the outer shells of eachatom

e) Electrons are removed from theouter shell of each atom in order to give each atom a neutralnumber of electrons

23. Which characteristic of water results theconstant body temperature of mammals?

a) cohesion

b) density at differenttemperatures

c) polarity

d) heat absorption

e) solvency

24. Which of the following is thestrongest base?

a) black coffee

b) bakingsoda

c) stomachacid

d) water

e) ammonia

25. An ideal antibiotic damages only bacterialcells but not human cells. Which of the followingcellular structures would be a good target for antibiotics?

a) plasmamembrane

b) cytoskeleton

c) cell wall

d) nucleus

e) nucleolus

26. An erythrocyte is place in a beaker of seawater. The cell shrivels andshrinks. Why?

a) Sea water is hypertonic to the fluid insidethe cells.

b) Sea water is isotonic to the fluid insidethe cells

c) The fluid inside the cells is hypertonic tothe sea water

d) Sea water is hypertonic to the fluidoutside the cells

e) Sea water is hypotonic to the fluid insidethe cells

27. Most of the ATP of aerobic respiration isproduced in the

a)chloroplast

b)mitochondria

c)ribosome

d) plasmamembrane

e)cytoplasm

28. Which of the following does notnegatively affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?

a) Reduction in temperature

b) Reduction in the amount of a competitiveinhibitor

c) Reduction in the amount of substrate

d) Reduction in the amount of enzyme

e) Reduction in the pH of the solution

29. If a germ cell has 30chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be found in the gametes?

a) 60

b) 30

c) 10

d) 15

e) 20

30. In what stage are the sisterc33.hromatids lined up at the center of the spindle?

a) Interphase

b) Telophase

c) Prophase

d) Metaphase

e) Anaphase

31. Which of the following could betrue for a child with Downï¿½s Syndrome?

a) Non-disjunction occurred during theproduction of the egg

b) The sperm could have had two copies ofchromosome 21

c) One gamete had two copies of chromosome 21and the other had one copy

d) None of a) through c) could betrue

e) All of a) through c) could be true

32. Which of the following statements is notconsistent with Darwinï¿½s theory of evolution?

a) Fossils indicate the structures of extinctorganisms

b) The Earth is approximately 100,000 yearsold

c) Organisms on earth have survived or dieddepending upon the environment in which they were born.

d) All living species are related to commonancestors

e) Individuals do not evolve

33. A trait that influences the mating ofindividuals having that trait is called

a) Genetic drift

b) Gene flow

c) Artificial selection

d) Natural selection

e) Sexual selection

34. The formation of new biological lineagesis called

a) Mutation

b) Natural selection

c) Speciation

d) Genetic drift

e) Sexual selection

35. Which of the following organisms iscapable of both using carbon dioxide to produce starch and usingoxygen to produce ATP?

a) dog

b) human

c) earthworm

d) houseplant

e) none of the above

36. Which density-dependent factor controlsthe size of a population?

a) wind velocity

b) light intensity

c) nutrient supply

d) rainfall

e) all of the above

37. According to Darwin, natural selectionoccurs when the environmental conditions cause specific ___________found in populations to become ______________.

a) selections, exponential growth

b) variations, adaptations

c) weakest members, strongest members

d) non-competitors, competitors

e) similarities, differences

38. Which of the following statements is trueabout a bond formed between two carbon atoms?

a) the bond requires the sharing ofprotons

b) the bond requires the sharing ofelectrons

c) the bond requires the sharing ofneutrons

d) the bond contains ADP

e) the bond cannot be broken

39. Which of the following is abiotic?

a) Roots

b) Bacteria

c) Seawater

d) Slime mold

e) Algae

40. Which density-dependent factor controlsthe size of a population?

a) wind velocity

b) light intensity

c) nutrient supply

d) rainfall

e) all of the above

***********************************************************************************************************

MATCHING SECTION #1 ï¿½ 1 point each

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type inthe letter you select from the Definition/Association column as thebest answer on the Answer Sheet for the number represented belowfor the Term or Concept.

Term or Concept

1. Water molecule

2. Carbon

3. Homeostasis

4. Ionic Bonding

5. Covalent Bonding

6. Carbohydrate

7. Enzyme

8. Acid

9. Base

10. Lipid

Definition/Association

A. energy source

B. two atoms sharing electrons

C. electron donated/received

D. hydrophobic

E. element found in all living organisms

F. catalyst

G. OH-> H+

H. polar

I. characteristic of all living organisms

J. H+ > OH-

MATCHING SECTION #2 ï¿½ 1 point each

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type inthe letter you select from the Definition/Association column as thebest answer on the Answer Sheet for the number represented belowfor the Term or Concept.

Term or Concept

1. Ribosome

2. Mitochondria

3. Nucleus

4. Golgi apparatus

5. Smooth Endoplasmatic Reticulum

6. Membrane

7. Cell Wall

8. Lysosome

9. Chloroplast

10. Cilia

Definition or Association

A. packaging and transport

B. digestion

C. genetic material storage

D. protein assembly

E. structural support

F. lipid production

G. glucose breakdown

H. movement

I. oxygen production

J. contain transport proteins andreceptors

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MICRB320 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Green Fluorescent Protein, Homing Endonuclease, Biogeochemistry

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