PHIL250 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Stoicism, Epicureanism, Categorical Imperative

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The first formulation thinks of the categorical imperative in terms of form. The second one says that because you are a rational being, and you can give yourself the law, you are an end in itself. The third is that the laws should be universally legislating. All these are the same thing because you are applying principles in terms of the whole. All other morality theories use heteronomous principles to determine morality. external to the will. In sections 1 & 2, we have been working analytically and assuming there is a good will and morality is not an illusion. Happiness as principle of morality: kant says this does not give you a universal principle, an ought worst way to explain morality because it is heteronomous. Moral feeling: little better because it makes the feeling immediate; yet still incentive related. If these were the grounds of morality, then there would be no morality.

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