PSYCO105 Lecture Notes - Lecture 32: Observational Learning, Brain Size, Midlife Crisis
1 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Personality Developments
A) Erickson's Psychological Stages
a) Erik Erickson’s Theory → 8 major physiological stages.
i) ‘Crisis’ to be resolved.
ii) Various crises are relevant at specific ages.
b) Erickson’s Childhood stages
i) Basic trust versus mistrust (first year) → Basic needs met
ii) Autonomy versus shame & doubt (1-2 years) → Self Control
iii) Initiative versus Guilt (3-5 years) → Morality
iv) Industry versus inferiority (6-12 years) → Skills to deal with world
c) Erickson’s Adult Stages
i) Identity versus role confusion (12-20 years) → Sense of Self
ii) Intimacy versus Isolation (20-40 years) → Romantic Partner
iii) Generativity versus Stagnation (40-65 years) → Nurture new generation
iv) Integrity versus despair (65+) → Wisdom & sense of good life.
d) Identity
i) Have an Identity Crisis (12-20 years) → Try; Different music, clothes, activities, and
friends.
ii) Identity Crisis States;
(1) Moratorium → current identity crisis; not resolved.
(2) Identity Diffusion → No identity crisis yet; uncommitted to a role.
(3) Foreclosure → Adopting a role without going through identity crisis
(4) Identity Achievement → Gone through identity crisis; successfully resolved.
B) Gender Identity
a) Sex → refers to biological characteristics (predetermined)
b) Gender → refers to social roles or personal identification (how masculine or feminine you feel).
c) Gender Identity → Sense of femaleness or maleness (2-3 years of age).
d) Gender Constancy → Understanding one’s sex is permanent (6-7 years)
e) Gender Role Development → Gender is thought to be developed by observational learning and by
rewards and punishments.
i) Observational Learning → Watching parents, media, who does what (S.T.E.M.).
ii) Rewards and Punishments → Role models also reward and punish you for following roles.
(1) Rewarded for following roles.
(2) Example; girls play with dolls but boys are not allowed to play with dolls.
Therefore a boy would likely be punished.
f) Gender Identity and Socialization
i) Sex Typing → Involves treating others differently based on sex.
ii) From infancy onwards, girls and boys are viewed and treated differently.
Development Challenges in Adulthood
A)Marriage
❏Transition to Adulthood → Marriage is typically the key in traditional cultures.
❏Most important criterion for becoming an adult
❏Becoming a responsible, independent person.
❏Erickson’s stages relate to this
❏Intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood)
❏Generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood)
❏Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
❏Social-Emotional and Personality Development: Marriage and Family
❏“Average” family has changed over recent generations
Document Summary
Personality developments: erickson"s psychological stages, erik erickson"s theory 8 major physiological stages. i) ii) Various crises are relevant at specific ages: erickson"s childhood stages i) ii) iii) iv) Basic trust versus mistrust (first year) basic needs met. Autonomy versus shame & doubt (1-2 years) self control. Industry versus inferiority (6-12 years) skills to deal with world: erickson"s adult stages i) ii) iii) iv) Identity versus role confusion (12-20 years) sense of self. Intimacy versus isolation (20-40 years) romantic partner. Generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) nurture new generation. Integrity versus despair (65+) wisdom & sense of good life. d) Have an identity crisis (12-20 years) try; different music, clothes, activities, and friends. Identity diffusion no identity crisis yet; uncommitted to a role. (1) moratorium current identity crisis; not resolved. (2) (3) foreclosure adopting a role without going through identity crisis (4) Observational learning watching parents, media, who does what (s. t. e. m.
