ZOOL241 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Macromolecule, Methylamine, Diethyl Ether

• School: University of Alberta
• Department: Zoology (Biological Sciences)
• Course: ZOOL241
• Professor: Keith Tierney

Document Summary

Chapter 2 chemistry, biochemistry, and cell physiology. Diffusion governs many biological processes example: diffusion leads to random distribution of molecules, diffusion of molecules is a source of energy. Electrochemical gradients: gradients are a form of energy storage. Potential energy: organisms invest energy to delay diffusion, gradients across membranes can be chemical, electrical, or both (electrochemical) Example: membrane potential electrical gradient across a cell membrane. Molecules move faster when the temperature is increased, which increases the rate of chemical reactions. Most chemical reactions involve changes in thermal energy: exothermic reactions release heat, endothermic reactions absorb heat. Enthalpy average (thermal) energy of a collection of molecules. Activation energy energy required for a molecule to reach a transition state. Transition state intermediate structure between a substrate and a product. Change in enthalpy ( h) = hproducts - hsubstrates: endothermic (endergonic): h is positive, heat absorbed, exothermic: h is negative, as heat is released. Exothermic reaction: a + b c + d + heat.