ANTH 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Olive Colobus, Kibale National Park, Behavioral Ecology

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Allopatry: when the geographic ranges of two species do not overlap; they are geographically separated from one another, ex. Sympatry: when two or more species have overlapping geographical ranges, often resulting in increased competition for resources. The more closely related the species, the more intense the competition: ex. Types of competition: contest (outright interference, usually involves aggressions (displacements, etc. ). Sympatric primates sometimes form interspecific dominance hierarchies: ex. Spiders, capuchin and howlers, costa rica: scramble (exploitation, trying to exploit a resource that others have already exploited/ eaten resulting in general reduction in available resources. Dominant groups and/or species push others into less favourable niches. The less successful competitor will generally experience a reduction in any/all of these: population density, geographic distribution, ranging patterns, dietary diversity. Animals with similar needs, living in the same place, must find ways to reduce the direct competition. Within the same general area, there may be many distinct habitats, and may distinct ecological niches.

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