ANSC 3180 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hindgut Fermentation, Quoll, Monogastric
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Monogastric (single/simple stomach)
!
Simple stomach, small intestine, usually no caecum, short
indistinguishable colon
!
Protein and fat are easily, quickly and almost completely digested
!
Facultative carnivore -dogs (omnivorous)
□
Obligate carnivore -cats
!
Ex. Mole, wolf, milk, quoll (marsupial 'cat')
!
If whole carcasses (including digestive tract and contents) are eaten,
the diet will contain all the nutrients needed by the animal (but the
body condition of the prey animals change seasonally)
!
Note: in the wild, if they have enough energy they should not be
deficient in any nutrient (only for carnivores)
!
Mouth
□
Oesophagus
□
Stomach or foregut (pH: 1.6-4)
□
Duodenum
!
Jejunum
!
Ileum
!
Small intestine or mid-gut (pH: 5.2-7.5)
□
Large intestine/colon or hindgut (pH is not as critical)
□
Rectum
□
Anus
□
Digestive Tract:
!
Ex. Short-beaked Echidna (monotreme)
!
Ex. Dog GI tract contains a ceaca (appendix)
!
Mammals (birds have no teeth with different GI tract)
○
Carnivores (including insectivores, piscivores)
•
Monogastric (single/simple stomach)
○
Simple stomach, small intestine, caecum (+/-), distinct colon
○
Some bacterial fermentation occurs in large intestine
○
These include pigs, rats, humans, bilbys, armadillos and opossums
○
Diet includes: mushrooms, raspberries, nuts, lichens, conifer seeds,
maple sap, flowers, bird eggs, nestlings, beetles, moths
!
Ex. Flying Squirrel:
○
Similar to the carnivore but with a caecum (where small intestine ends
and becomes the large intestine)
!
The large intestine is also distinguishable from the small intestine
(larger and thicker)
!
Longer small intestine
!
Overall: GI tract is significantly longer
!
Digestive Tract:
○
Omnivores
•
Ex. The gerenuk feeds from trees while standing on its back legs to reach
leaves high up (not accessible to many other herbivores)
○
Major component of all plant food is the cell walls, which are made up of
cellulose and hemicellulose
○
Includes hippos, rabbits, wombats, moose
○
Some bacteria can produce enzymes to digest cellulose and
hemicellulose (not lignin)
!
Problem: no enzymes produced by animals can digest plant cell walls
(cellulose/hemicellulose, lignin)
○
Provide space in the gut (GI tract) for bacteria
!
Bacteria will partially digest cellulose and hemicellulose(via
anaerobic digestion-fermentation)
!
Bacteria will also produce volatile fatty acids which the host animal
can digest and use as an energy source
!
Solution:
○
Pregastric (before the true stomach in fore-stomach compartments)
=foregut fermenters
1)
Either in cecum or colon
□
Postgastric (after true stomach after most nutrients have been
absorbed in s. intestine) =hindgut fermenters
2)
Herbivores have developed 3 different regions in the gut where bacteria can
digest plant cell walls:
○
All the essential amino acids from bacterial protein using inorganic N
and dietary protein
!
All B vitamins
!
Vitamin K
!
Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid (all liquid)
□
Volatile Fas (from anaerobic breakdown of cellulose/hemicellulose:
!
*except in young that do not have all gut bacteria
!
Gut bacteria in all three locations synthesize:
○
BUT hydrogenate/saturate essential FAs which produce stearic acid
(NA salt = soap)
!
Gut bacteria in all locations also detoxify some plant toxins or poisons
○
Ex. The African Elephant is a hindgut fermenter
○
Ex. Zebra duiker -one of the smallest ruminant herbivores
○
Herbivores
•
Digestive Strategies: from simplest -most complex
E.g. Cow, sheep, deer, giraffe, okapi
•
Rumination (chewing cud): food particles too large to pass into the
abomasum (true stomach) are forced back up oesophagus to the
mouth where it is re-chewed with more saliva and then is re-
swallowed (5-7hrs./day)
•
Eructation (belching): gases produced by bacteria (methane, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen) by bacteria
•
Ruminants with 3 Chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasuma.
E.g. camels, merycism (rumination in 'non-ruminants'; do not have an
omasum)
•
Non-ruminants with 2 Chambers: rumen, reticulum b.
E.g. Kangaroo (merycism -chews the cud)
•
E.g. peccary, hippo, sloth, colobus & langer monkeys (no merycism)
•
Fermentation in forestomach (1st part of true stomach)c.
*These animals either have a compound or complex foregut, small intestine,
caecum & colon
Pregastric (foregut fermenters)1.
Bacteria reside in reticulum -abomasum
○
True ruminants: Sheep -extremely long small intestine + caecum + short
colon
○
Hippo -small intestine is not as long + little caecum + longer colon
○
GI tract:
Fermentations:
Enlarged caecum is site for bacteria (smaller herbivores)
•
E.g. guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits
•
Simple stomach, small intestine, enlarged caecum, distinct/large colon
•
Postgastric (hindgut fermenters) -in Caecum2.
Enlarged colon is site for bacteria (larger herbivores)
•
E.g. Horse, rhino, elephant, orangutan, wombat, kiang
•
Simple stomach, small intestine, caecum, enlarged colon
•
Postgastric (hindgut) -in Colon3.
B vitamins and Vitamin K cannot be fully absorbed (must be
essential)
•
Therefore, bacteria can not be digested so essential amino acids will not be
available
•
But, voltatile fatty acids from cellulose and hemicellulose digestion can be
absorbed from caecum or colon
•
Problem: caecum and colon are past true stomach/abomasum (acid digestion),
duodenum (neutral digestion), and jejunum (absorption)
•
Bacteria can be digested (abomasum, duodenum) to make essential amino
acids available and the essential amino acids can then be absorbed in the
jejunum
•
B Vitamins and Vitamin K can be absorbed as well
•
So there is a decreased need for essential amino acids and vitamins
•
Solution: eating faeces (own or from a similar individual)
•
Animals with Postgastric Fermentation:
Coprophagy: ingestion of faeces, often during nutritional deficiency (e.g. horses)
Smaller more nutrious particles trapped in caecum to provide more time for
bacterial fermentation
•
E.g. hamster, guinea pigs, chinchilla, rabbits, rats, mice
•
Caecotrophy: selective ingestion of highly nutritious faeces derived from the contents of
the caecum, soft moist faeces (normal hard dry faeces also produced but not eaten)
Protein -amino acids, small peptides
•
Carbohydrates -monosccharides (sugars, 5C/6C)
•
Triglycerides -FA, monoglycerides, VFAs (bacterial fermentation)
•
Absorbable units from:
•
Reticulum/rumen -VFAs
•
Omasum -water
•
Abomasum (stomach) -acid digestion
•
AA, small peptides, monosaccharides, Fas (SCFA/VFAs with 2-6C,
MCFA with 8-14C), glycerol, vitamins and minerals --> blood
•
FAs (LCFA with 16+C) and monoglycerides --> lymph
•
Duodenum (neutral digestion) -Jejunum (major absorption site) -Ileum
(some absorption)
•
Caecum -VFAs
•
Colon -VFAs, Na, K, water
•
Absorption from:
•
Summary: Nutrient Digestion & Absorption
Excess Ca in the diet passes out with the faeces and excess Ca in the
blood is excreted in to the bile (-->faeces)
•
In most mammals, Ca absorption and Ca blood levels are controlled by
Vitamin D and the hormones PRT (parathyroid) and calcitonin.
•
Why rabbits engage in caecotrophy
•
In rabbits, Ca is absorbed and is present in the blood in direct proportion to
available Ca in the diet. Excess Ca is excreted in the urine (CaCO3)
•
Calcium absorption from the gut and calcium levels in the blood are not regulated
( in rabbits, hares, pikas, pack rats) as in most mammals
•
Special Nutrient Requirement -Rabbit
Therefore, giant panda may have problems as its system did not adapt to the new
food source
•
*giant panda has same GI tract as polar bears
Fundamentals of Wildlife Nutrition -Part II
Monday,*January*23,*2017
12:35*PM
Monogastric (single/simple stomach)
!
Simple stomach, small intestine, usually no caecum, short
indistinguishable colon
!
Protein and fat are easily, quickly and almost completely digested
!
Facultative carnivore -dogs (omnivorous)
□
Obligate carnivore -cats
!
Ex. Mole, wolf, milk, quoll (marsupial 'cat')
!
If whole carcasses (including digestive tract and contents) are eaten,
the diet will contain all the nutrients needed by the animal (but the
body condition of the prey animals change seasonally)
!
Note: in the wild, if they have enough energy they should not be
deficient in any nutrient (only for carnivores)
!
Mouth
□
Oesophagus
□
Stomach or foregut (pH: 1.6-4)
□
Duodenum
!
Jejunum
!
Ileum
!
Small intestine or mid-gut (pH: 5.2-7.5)
□
Large intestine/colon or hindgut (pH is not as critical)
□
Rectum
□
Anus
□
Digestive Tract:
!
Ex. Short-beaked Echidna (monotreme)
!
Ex. Dog GI tract contains a ceaca (appendix)
!
Mammals (birds have no teeth with different GI tract)
○
Carnivores (including insectivores, piscivores)
•
Monogastric (single/simple stomach)
○
Simple stomach, small intestine, caecum (+/-), distinct colon
○
Some bacterial fermentation occurs in large intestine
○
These include pigs, rats, humans, bilbys, armadillos and opossums
○
Diet includes: mushrooms, raspberries, nuts, lichens, conifer seeds,
maple sap, flowers, bird eggs, nestlings, beetles, moths
!
Ex. Flying Squirrel:
○
Similar to the carnivore but with a caecum (where small intestine ends
and becomes the large intestine)
!
The large intestine is also distinguishable from the small intestine
(larger and thicker)
!
Longer small intestine
!
Overall: GI tract is significantly longer
!
Digestive Tract:
○
Omnivores
•
Ex. The gerenuk feeds from trees while standing on its back legs to reach
leaves high up (not accessible to many other herbivores)
○
Major component of all plant food is the cell walls, which are made up of
cellulose and hemicellulose
○
Includes hippos, rabbits, wombats, moose
○
Some bacteria can produce enzymes to digest cellulose and
hemicellulose (not lignin)
!
Problem: no enzymes produced by animals can digest plant cell walls
(cellulose/hemicellulose, lignin)
○
Provide space in the gut (GI tract) for bacteria
!
Bacteria will partially digest cellulose and hemicellulose(via
anaerobic digestion-fermentation)
!
Bacteria will also produce volatile fatty acids which the host animal
can digest and use as an energy source
!
Solution:
○
Pregastric (before the true stomach in fore-stomach compartments)
=foregut fermenters
1)
Either in cecum or colon
□
Postgastric (after true stomach after most nutrients have been
absorbed in s. intestine) =hindgut fermenters
2)
Herbivores have developed 3 different regions in the gut where bacteria can
digest plant cell walls:
○
All the essential amino acids from bacterial protein using inorganic N
and dietary protein
!
All B vitamins
!
Vitamin K
!
Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid (all liquid)
□
Volatile Fas (from anaerobic breakdown of cellulose/hemicellulose:
!
*except in young that do not have all gut bacteria
!
Gut bacteria in all three locations synthesize:
○
BUT hydrogenate/saturate essential FAs which produce stearic acid
(NA salt = soap)
!
Gut bacteria in all locations also detoxify some plant toxins or poisons
○
Ex. The African Elephant is a hindgut fermenter
○
Ex. Zebra duiker -one of the smallest ruminant herbivores
○
Herbivores
•
Digestive Strategies: from simplest -most complex
E.g. Cow, sheep, deer, giraffe, okapi
•
Rumination (chewing cud): food particles too large to pass into the
abomasum (true stomach) are forced back up oesophagus to the
mouth where it is re-chewed with more saliva and then is re-
swallowed (5-7hrs./day)
•
Eructation (belching): gases produced by bacteria (methane, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen) by bacteria
•
Ruminants with 3 Chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasuma.
E.g. camels, merycism (rumination in 'non-ruminants'; do not have an
omasum)
•
Non-ruminants with 2 Chambers: rumen, reticulum b.
E.g. Kangaroo (merycism -chews the cud)
•
E.g. peccary, hippo, sloth, colobus & langer monkeys (no merycism)
•
Fermentation in forestomach (1st part of true stomach)c.
*These animals either have a compound or complex foregut, small intestine,
caecum & colon
Pregastric (foregut fermenters)1.
Bacteria reside in reticulum -abomasum
○
True ruminants: Sheep -extremely long small intestine + caecum + short
colon
○
Hippo -small intestine is not as long + little caecum + longer colon
○
GI tract:
Fermentations:
Enlarged caecum is site for bacteria (smaller herbivores)
•
E.g. guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits
•
Simple stomach, small intestine, enlarged caecum, distinct/large colon
•
Postgastric (hindgut fermenters) -in Caecum2.
Enlarged colon is site for bacteria (larger herbivores)
•
E.g. Horse, rhino, elephant, orangutan, wombat, kiang
•
Simple stomach, small intestine, caecum, enlarged colon
•
Postgastric (hindgut) -in Colon3.
B vitamins and Vitamin K cannot be fully absorbed (must be
essential)
•
Therefore, bacteria can not be digested so essential amino acids will not be
available
•
But, voltatile fatty acids from cellulose and hemicellulose digestion can be
absorbed from caecum or colon
•
Problem: caecum and colon are past true stomach/abomasum (acid digestion),
duodenum (neutral digestion), and jejunum (absorption)
•
Bacteria can be digested (abomasum, duodenum) to make essential amino
acids available and the essential amino acids can then be absorbed in the
jejunum
•
B Vitamins and Vitamin K can be absorbed as well
•
So there is a decreased need for essential amino acids and vitamins
•
Solution: eating faeces (own or from a similar individual)
•
Animals with Postgastric Fermentation:
Coprophagy: ingestion of faeces, often during nutritional deficiency (e.g. horses)
Smaller more nutrious particles trapped in caecum to provide more time for
bacterial fermentation
•
E.g. hamster, guinea pigs, chinchilla, rabbits, rats, mice
•
Caecotrophy: selective ingestion of highly nutritious faeces derived from the contents of
the caecum, soft moist faeces (normal hard dry faeces also produced but not eaten)
Protein -amino acids, small peptides
•
Carbohydrates -monosccharides (sugars, 5C/6C)
•
Triglycerides -FA, monoglycerides, VFAs (bacterial fermentation)
•
Absorbable units from:
•
Reticulum/rumen -VFAs
•
Omasum -water
•
Abomasum (stomach) -acid digestion
•
AA, small peptides, monosaccharides, Fas (SCFA/VFAs with 2-6C,
MCFA with 8-14C), glycerol, vitamins and minerals --> blood
•
FAs (LCFA with 16+C) and monoglycerides --> lymph
•
Duodenum (neutral digestion) -Jejunum (major absorption site) -Ileum
(some absorption)
•
Caecum -VFAs
•
Colon -VFAs, Na, K, water
•
Absorption from:
•
Summary: Nutrient Digestion & Absorption
Excess Ca in the diet passes out with the faeces and excess Ca in the
blood is excreted in to the bile (-->faeces)
•
In most mammals, Ca absorption and Ca blood levels are controlled by
Vitamin D and the hormones PRT (parathyroid) and calcitonin.
•
Why rabbits engage in caecotrophy
•
In rabbits, Ca is absorbed and is present in the blood in direct proportion to
available Ca in the diet. Excess Ca is excreted in the urine (CaCO3)
•
Calcium absorption from the gut and calcium levels in the blood are not regulated
( in rabbits, hares, pikas, pack rats) as in most mammals
•
Special Nutrient Requirement -Rabbit
Therefore, giant panda may have problems as its system did not adapt to the new
food source
•
*giant panda has same GI tract as polar bears
Fundamentals of Wildlife Nutrition -Part II
Monday,*January*23,*2017 12:35*PM
Document Summary
Mammals (birds have no teeth with different gi tract) Simple stomach, small intestine, usually no caecum, short indistinguishable colon. Protein and fat are easily, quickly and almost completely digested. If whole carcasses (including digestive tract and contents) are eaten, the diet will contain all the nutrients needed by the animal (but the body condition of the prey animals change seasonally) Note: in the wild, if they have enough energy they should not be deficient in any nutrient (only for carnivores) Large intestine/colon or hindgut (ph is not as critical) Simple stomach, small intestine, caecum (+/-), distinct colon. These include pigs, rats, humans, bilbys, armadillos and opossums. Diet includes: mushrooms, raspberries, nuts, lichens, conifer seeds, maple sap, flowers, bird eggs, nestlings, beetles, moths maple sap, flowers, bird eggs, nestlings, beetles, moths. Similar to the carnivore but with a caecum (where small intestine ends and becomes the large intestine) The large intestine is also distinguishable from the small intestine (larger and thicker)
