ANSC 3180 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Terrestrial Locomotion, Brachiation, Thermoregulation
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
How much food do they need to get this energy?
○
How much energy do animals need to survive, grow and reproduce?
•
What foods do animals eat? And when?
•
What nutrients do foods contain? And what toxins/ anti-nutrients?
•
What use do animals make of their food? And how effective is the digestion?
•
Questions:
1000 cal = 1 kcal
○
1000 kcal = 1 Mcal
○
1 Joule = 0.239 cals
!
1 calorie = 4.182 Joules
○
1 calorie (cal) -heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water from
14.5C to 15.5C
•
1000 J = 1 kJ
○
1000 kJ = 1MJ
○
1 Joule (J) -energy expended when 1 kg is moved 1m by a force of 1N
•
1g carbohydrates contains ~ 4kcal (GE)
•
1g protein contains ~5-5.5 kcal (GE=DE)
•
1g fat contains ~9 kcal (GE=DE=ME)
•
31g carbs: 31 x 4 = 124 124 kcal
○
12g fat: 12 x 9 = 108 108 kcal
○
2g protein: 2 x 5 = 10 10 kcal
○
TOTAL: 242 kcal
○
Ex. Mars Bar:
•
Energy: Review
The essential continuity between an animal and its environment is revealed most
obviously in energy exchanges and transformations' (King 1974)
•
Kidney filtration
!
Respiration
!
Circulation
!
Nerve and liver function
!
Cell maintenance (protein and lipid turnover, and ion
transport)
!
Basal metabolism (measured as BMR)
□
Maintenance
!
Standing, terrestrial locomotion, burrowing, flying, swimming,
brachiation, feeding (digestion), fighting, playing
□
Activity
!
Thermoregulation
!
Daily energy expenditure:
○
Protein & fat deposition, bones
!
Pelage, plumage
!
antlers
!
Growth
○
Birds: egg production, incubation
!
Mammals: gestation, lactation
!
Reproduction
○
Energy is required for…
•
Energy Requirements:
At rest (not sleeping)1)
Shrews: <2hrs after eating
•
Small animals and birds: 3-6 hrs
•
Large ruminants: 40+ hrs
•
Hummingbirds: enter short-term torpor
•
Some rodents & small birds (white-crowned sparrow): become
hyperactive
•
In a post-absorptive state (no metabolism)2)
In a thermoneutral environment (TNZ< TCZ)3)
Without physical or psychological stress4)
The metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal:
•
Sleeping
○
Starvation
○
Dehydration
○
Hibernation, torpor, hypothermia
○
BMR is not the lowest metabolic rate, it is lower when/in:
•
Y = 70 X0.75 where Y=BMR (kcal/day) and X=body weight (kg)
○
Smaller animals have higher energy requirement for basal metabolism per
unit of body weight, than a larger animal
○
Early estimate (Kleiber 1947): Mammals
•
This is because the smaller animal has a higher energy requirement for
basal metabolism per unit of body weight, than a larger animal (more
kcal/kg)
○
A 100 kg animal does not need twice as much energy as a 50kg animal
•
Mammals: Y = 57.2 X0.716
○
Marsupials: Y = 46.6 X0.737
○
Based on food habit groupings
○
A more recent estimate (McNab 1988)
•
Vertebrate eaters: Y = 91.8 X0.813 , Weight range: 0.077-175.0 kg
○
Flying: Y = 47.3 X0.797 , Weight range: 0.009-0.056 kg
•
Small: Y = 44.1 X0.597 , Weight range: 0.003-0.123 kg
•
Burrowing: Y = 31.7 X0.738 , Weight range: 0.4-48 kg
•
Large: Y = 43.5 X0.719 , Weight range: 0.206-7.7 kg
•
Large anteaters: Y = 19.7 X0.753 , Weight range: 1.2-30.6 kg
•
Invertebrate eaters:
○
Flying:
•
Arboreal:
•
Terrestrial:
•
Frugivores:
○
Nectarivores:
○
Seed & nut-eaters:
○
Desert seed-eaters:
○
Burrowing seed-eaters:
○
Small:
•
Burrowing:
•
Burrowing-root:
•
Large:
•
Grazers:
○
Arboreal:
□
Terrestrial:
□
Small:
•
Folivores:
○
BMR of mammals grouped by food habits (kcal/d, kg)
•
Pronghorn, harbor/spotted seal, wood rat
•
Rapidly growing animals have 2x adult BMR
○
Red squirrel
•
Sleeping animals have a metabolic rate 7-28% lower than waking BMR
○
Bighorn sheep, reindeer, moose
•
BMR may be lower in the winter --> conservation
○
Desert cottontail, peccary, prairie vole (prone to predation)
•
BMR may be higher in winter --> need food to increase expenditure
○
Bears: Y = 15.2 X0.99
•
Minimum 'metabolic rate' is lower in animals in torpor
○
Y = 3.2 X1.03
•
Minimum 'metabolic rate' is lower in hibernating animals
○
BMR may not remain constant:
•
Basal Metabolic Rate
Includes: larks, swallows, wagtails, pipits, shrikes, waxwings,
dippers, wrens, mockingbirds, thrushes, warblers, nuthatches,
treecreepers, buntings, vireos, orioles, blackbirds, finches, sparrows,
starlings, crows, jays
•
Y = 114.7 X0.73 (higher than non-passerine) *have a higher internal
temp
•
Passerine birds (perching/songbirds)
○
Includes: penguins, ostriches, emus, kiwis, loons, grebes, petrels,
albatrosses, frigatebirds, pelicans, boobies, cormorants, herons,
ibises, spoonbills, storks, flamingos, swans, geese, ducks, vultures,
ospreys, hawks, eagles, flacons, grouse, pheasants, turkeys, hoatzins,
cranes, limpkins, rails, oystercatches, plovers, sandpipers, avocets,
gulls, terns, skimmers, pigeons, parrots, cuckoos, owls, nightjars,
swifts, kingfishers, hummingbirds, toucans, woodpeckers
•
Y = 73.6 X0.73 (gives equivalent values to the general mammal
equation)
•
Non-Passerine
○
BMR correlates with food habits (McNab 1988)
•
BMR for many tropical and nocturnal birds is lower than for
temperature and diurnal birds
•
BMR for many marine birds is higher than for terrestrial species
•
Usually BMR for birds is greater than BMR for mammals of the
same weight
•
Very small birds (3.3g) -35% higher
•
Large birds (17.6 kg) -24% higher
•
Higher BMR in birds may be associated with slightly higher body
temperatures
•
For individual species, BMR is 30-70% higher than the general mammal
equation
○
BMRs during the non-active part of the say is ~24% lower than
during the active part of the say (pigeon, little penguin)
•
BMR for many passerines is higher in the winter than the summer
•
Either does not change seasonally or is higher in the summer
than the winter (ptarmigan)
□
BMR for non-passerines:
•
Waterfowl: 65-90% of adult BMR
□
Gallinaceous birds : 42-72% of adult BMR (chickens, turkeys,
grouse, pheasants, peacocks)
□
Gulls, terns: BMR at hatching is the same as adult BMR
□
BMR in newly hatched birds is usually low
•
BMR rises above normal adult level during rapid growth
•
Avian BMR may not remain constant:
○
BMR in Birds:
•
BMR conversion from O2 consumption (mL) --> kcal/day
•
See BMR Conversion ThompsonNicoll 1986
•
O2 consumption (mL/hr) x 0.0048 (kcal/mL O2 x 24hr)
•
**Project
Tend to have a lower energy requirement
•
*leaves are a limited food source due to diet
specificity (selective feeding) and seasonal
availability
Controlled by thyroid (smaller than normal)
•
Influenced by hours of daylight
•
*lower in Winter
They do not have high energy requirements
•
They lower their temperature to save energy
•
Bears go into a lethargic state instead of hibernation
Energy: Requirements & Maintenance
Friday,*February*3,*2017
12:22*PM
How much food do they need to get this energy?
○
How much energy do animals need to survive, grow and reproduce?
•
What foods do animals eat? And when?
•
What nutrients do foods contain? And what toxins/ anti-nutrients?
•
What use do animals make of their food? And how effective is the digestion?
•
Questions:
1000 cal = 1 kcal
○
1000 kcal = 1 Mcal
○
1 Joule = 0.239 cals
!
1 calorie = 4.182 Joules
○
1 calorie (cal) -heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water from
14.5C to 15.5C
•
1000 J = 1 kJ
○
1000 kJ = 1MJ
○
1 Joule (J) -energy expended when 1 kg is moved 1m by a force of 1N
•
1g carbohydrates contains ~ 4kcal (GE)
•
1g protein contains ~5-5.5 kcal (GE=DE)
•
1g fat contains ~9 kcal (GE=DE=ME)
•
31g carbs: 31 x 4 = 124 124 kcal
○
12g fat: 12 x 9 = 108 108 kcal
○
2g protein: 2 x 5 = 10 10 kcal
○
TOTAL: 242 kcal
○
Ex. Mars Bar:
•
Energy: Review
The essential continuity between an animal and its environment is revealed most
obviously in energy exchanges and transformations' (King 1974)
•
Kidney filtration
!
Respiration
!
Circulation
!
Nerve and liver function
!
Cell maintenance (protein and lipid turnover, and ion
transport)
!
Basal metabolism (measured as BMR)
□
Maintenance
!
Standing, terrestrial locomotion, burrowing, flying, swimming,
brachiation, feeding (digestion), fighting, playing
□
Activity
!
Thermoregulation
!
Daily energy expenditure:
○
Protein & fat deposition, bones
!
Pelage, plumage
!
antlers
!
Growth
○
Birds: egg production, incubation
!
Mammals: gestation, lactation
!
Reproduction
○
Energy is required for…
•
Energy Requirements:
At rest (not sleeping)
1)
Shrews: <2hrs after eating
•
Small animals and birds: 3-6 hrs
•
Large ruminants: 40+ hrs
•
Hummingbirds: enter short-term torpor
•
Some rodents & small birds (white-crowned sparrow): become
hyperactive
•
In a post-absorptive state (no metabolism)
2)
In a thermoneutral environment (TNZ< TCZ)
3)
Without physical or psychological stress
4)
The metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal:
•
Sleeping
○
Starvation
○
Dehydration
○
Hibernation, torpor, hypothermia
○
BMR is not the lowest metabolic rate, it is lower when/in:
•
Y = 70 X0.75 where Y=BMR (kcal/day) and X=body weight (kg)
○
Smaller animals have higher energy requirement for basal metabolism per
unit of body weight, than a larger animal
○
Early estimate (Kleiber 1947): Mammals
•
This is because the smaller animal has a higher energy requirement for
basal metabolism per unit of body weight, than a larger animal (more
kcal/kg)
○
A 100 kg animal does not need twice as much energy as a 50kg animal
•
Mammals: Y = 57.2 X0.716
○
Marsupials: Y = 46.6 X0.737
○
Based on food habit groupings
○
A more recent estimate (McNab 1988)
•
Vertebrate eaters: Y = 91.8 X0.813 , Weight range: 0.077-175.0 kg
○
Flying: Y = 47.3 X0.797 , Weight range: 0.009-0.056 kg
•
Small: Y = 44.1 X0.597 , Weight range: 0.003-0.123 kg
•
Burrowing: Y = 31.7 X0.738 , Weight range: 0.4-48 kg
•
Large: Y = 43.5 X0.719 , Weight range: 0.206-7.7 kg
•
Large anteaters: Y = 19.7 X0.753 , Weight range: 1.2-30.6 kg
•
Invertebrate eaters:
○
Flying:
•
Arboreal:
•
Terrestrial:
•
Frugivores:
○
Nectarivores:
○
Seed & nut-eaters:
○
Desert seed-eaters:
○
Burrowing seed-eaters:
○
Small:
•
Burrowing:
•
Burrowing-root:
•
Large:
•
Grazers:
○
Arboreal:
□
Terrestrial:
□
Small:
•
Folivores:
○
BMR of mammals grouped by food habits (kcal/d, kg)
•
Pronghorn, harbor/spotted seal, wood rat
•
Rapidly growing animals have 2x adult BMR
○
Red squirrel
•
Sleeping animals have a metabolic rate 7-28% lower than waking BMR
○
Bighorn sheep, reindeer, moose
•
BMR may be lower in the winter --> conservation
○
Desert cottontail, peccary, prairie vole (prone to predation)
•
BMR may be higher in winter --> need food to increase expenditure
○
Bears: Y = 15.2 X0.99
•
Minimum 'metabolic rate' is lower in animals in torpor
○
Y = 3.2 X1.03
•
Minimum 'metabolic rate' is lower in hibernating animals
○
BMR may not remain constant:
•
Basal Metabolic Rate
Includes: larks, swallows, wagtails, pipits, shrikes, waxwings,
dippers, wrens, mockingbirds, thrushes, warblers, nuthatches,
treecreepers, buntings, vireos, orioles, blackbirds, finches, sparrows,
starlings, crows, jays
•
Y = 114.7 X0.73 (higher than non-passerine) *have a higher internal
temp
•
Passerine birds (perching/songbirds)
○
Includes: penguins, ostriches, emus, kiwis, loons, grebes, petrels,
albatrosses, frigatebirds, pelicans, boobies, cormorants, herons,
ibises, spoonbills, storks, flamingos, swans, geese, ducks, vultures,
ospreys, hawks, eagles, flacons, grouse, pheasants, turkeys, hoatzins,
cranes, limpkins, rails, oystercatches, plovers, sandpipers, avocets,
gulls, terns, skimmers, pigeons, parrots, cuckoos, owls, nightjars,
swifts, kingfishers, hummingbirds, toucans, woodpeckers
•
Y = 73.6 X0.73 (gives equivalent values to the general mammal
equation)
•
Non-Passerine
○
BMR correlates with food habits (McNab 1988)
•
BMR for many tropical and nocturnal birds is lower than for
temperature and diurnal birds
•
BMR for many marine birds is higher than for terrestrial species
•
Usually BMR for birds is greater than BMR for mammals of the
same weight
•
Very small birds (3.3g) -35% higher
•
Large birds (17.6 kg) -24% higher
•
Higher BMR in birds may be associated with slightly higher body
temperatures
•
For individual species, BMR is 30-70% higher than the general mammal
equation
○
BMRs during the non-active part of the say is ~24% lower than
during the active part of the say (pigeon, little penguin)
•
BMR for many passerines is higher in the winter than the summer
•
Either does not change seasonally or is higher in the summer
than the winter (ptarmigan)
□
BMR for non-passerines:
•
Waterfowl: 65-90% of adult BMR
□
Gallinaceous birds : 42-72% of adult BMR (chickens, turkeys,
grouse, pheasants, peacocks)
□
Gulls, terns: BMR at hatching is the same as adult BMR
□
BMR in newly hatched birds is usually low
•
BMR rises above normal adult level during rapid growth
•
Avian BMR may not remain constant:
○
BMR in Birds:
•
BMR conversion from O2 consumption (mL) --> kcal/day
•
See BMR Conversion ThompsonNicoll 1986
•
O2 consumption (mL/hr) x 0.0048 (kcal/mL O2 x 24hr)
•
**Project
Tend to have a lower energy requirement
•
*leaves are a limited food source due to diet
specificity (selective feeding) and seasonal
availability
Controlled by thyroid (smaller than normal)
•
Influenced by hours of daylight
•
*lower in Winter
They do not have high energy requirements
•
They lower their temperature to save energy
•
Bears go into a lethargic state instead of hibernation
Energy: Requirements & Maintenance
Friday,*February*3,*2017 12:22*PM
Document Summary
1 calorie (cal) - heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water from. 1 joule (j) - energy expended when 1 kg is moved 1m by a force of 1n. 31g carbs: 31 x 4 = 124 124 kcal. 12g fat: 12 x 9 = 108 108 kcal. 2g protein: 2 x 5 = 10 10 kcal. The essential continuity between an animal and its environment is revealed most obviously in energy exchanges and transformations" (king 1974) Cell maintenance (protein and lipid turnover, and ion transport) Standing, terrestrial locomotion, burrowing, flying, swimming, brachiation, feeding (digestion), fighting, playing. Some rodents & small birds (white-crowned sparrow): become hyperactive. Bmr is not the lowest metabolic rate, it is lower when/in: Y = 70 x0. 75 where y=bmr (kcal/day) and x=body weight (kg) Smaller animals have higher energy requirement for basal metabolism per unit of body weight, than a larger animal.
