ANSC 3180 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Paucituberculata, Cuscus, Common Brushtail Possum
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Vertebrate classification and taxonomy
1.
Feed Analysis
2.
Topics:
Cartilage skeleton, fins, gills
○
Includes sharks and rays
○
Class: Chondrichthyes
•
Fish with bone skeleton, fins, scales
○
Includes sturgeon, cod, herring
○
Class: Actinopterygii
•
Adults can live on land near water, lay eggs in water, aquatic larvae, moist
glandular skin
○
Includes frogs, toads, salamanders
○
Class: Amphibia
•
Lay soft-shelled eggs on land, dry scaly skin
○
Includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles
○
Class: Reptilia
•
Lay hard-shelled eggs, feathers, flight
○
Class: Aves
•
All females produce milk, nearly all have fur or hair
○
Class: Mammalia
•
Vertebrate Classification (IUCNredlist)
Lay shelled eggs, then suckle their young
!
Includes: spiny anteaters (echidna), platypus
!
Order: Monotremata
○
Monotremes
•
Quolls, numbat, Tasmanian devil
!
Order: Dasyuromorphia
○
Virginia opossum, opossums
!
Order: Didelphi
○
Shrew opossums
!
Order: Paucituberculata
○
Cuscus, sugar glider, kanagroos/wallabies, koala, wombats, brushtail
& ringtail possums
!
Order: Diprodontia
○
Marsupial moles
!
Order: Notoryctemorphia
○
Bandicoots
!
Order: Peramelemorphia
○
Marsupials -young start develop in uterus and complete development in the
marsupium
•
Armadillos
!
Order: Cingulata
○
Giant anteaters, tamandua, sloths
!
Order: Pilosa
○
Tenrecs, golden moles
!
Order: Afrosoricida
○
Hedgehogs, shrews, moles
!
Order: Eulipotyphia
○
Tree ahrewa
!
Order: Scandentia
○
Flying lemur
!
Order: Dermoptera
○
Bats (>980 spp.) *2nd largest mammal order
!
Order: Chiroptera
○
Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, organutans, chimpanzees,
gorillas, man
!
Order: Primates
○
Canids: dogs, foxes, coyotes, wolves, jackals
!
Ursids: bears, giant panda
!
Raccoons, lesser panda, weasels, milk, badgers, skunks, otters,
mongooses, hyaenas
!
Felids: cats, lynx, lion, leopards, cheetah, tigers
!
Seals, sea lions, walrus (used to be Pinnipedia)
!
Order: Carnivora (includes omnivores and herbivores)
○
Gugong, manatees
!
Order: Sirenia
○
Elephants
!
Order: Proboscidea
○
Horses, donkey, zebras
!
Tapirs, rhinoceros
!
Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates/hoofed)
○
Hyraxes
!
Order: Hydracoidea
○
Aardvarks
!
Order: Tubulindentata
○
Dolphins, porpoises, whales, narwhal
!
Camels, llamas (pre-ruminants, no osmasum)
!
Deer, moose, elk, caribou, reindeer
□
Giraffe
□
Cattle, antelopes, buffaloes, yak, bison, muskox, goats, sheep
□
Ruminants:
!
Order: Certartiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) *Cetecea + Artiodactyla
○
Pangolins/scaly anteaters
!
Order: Pholidota
○
Beavers, squirrels, marmots, gophers, rats, mice, gerbils, voles,
porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras, chinchillas
!
Order: Rodentia *(>1790 spp -largest mammal order)
○
Rabbits, hares, pikas
!
Order: Lagomorpha
○
Elephant-shrews/sengis
!
Order: Macroscelidea
○
Eutherian -young complete development in the uterus, attached to placenta
•
Further Mammalian classifications:
Class: Mammalia
•
Order: Carnivora
•
Family: Phocidae
•
Genus species: Mirounga angustirostris
•
Example: Northern Elephant Seal
Compare with 'as is', 'as fed' or 'fresh weight'
○
DM -dry matter
•
Abbreviations
(23/100)*100% = 23% DM
•
Ex. A 100g sample of feed is dried at 100C, weighing 23g after drying
Nutrient density = daily caloric needs either butter or lettuce -bulk a major
consideration
Method: dry a weighed sample in a oven at 100C to constant weight
!
Problems: VFAs, alcohols may be lose during drying
!
Dry matter
•
Some refer to this as crude fat
!
Method: extract dry sample with petroleum ether
!
Calculation: %EE = (weight of EE residue / DM) * 100%
!
Contents: fats (TG, sterols, PL), free FA, fat-soluble vitamins, plant
pigments (chlorophyll, xanthophyll), resins, waxes, volatile oils
!
In plants: EE -up to 50% non-nutrients
□
Problems: plant pigments, resins, volatile oils are not nutrients
!
Ether extracts (fats)
•
Method: EE residue heated to 600C to burn off organic material
leaving ash (minerals)
!
Contents: inorganic minerals
!
Calculation: %Ash = (weight of ash/ DM) * 100%
!
Problems: some minerals (Se, Hg, Pb, Cr, As) may be lost by
volatilization
!
Ash (minerals)
•
Method: dry sample analyzed for nitrogen using Kjedahl method
!
Calculation: %CP = (N in sample*6.25 / DM) *100%
!
Contents: nitrogenous compounds
!
Actual range is 13-19%
!
18.9% -nuts
!
15.7% -milk
!
assumes all proteins are 16%N (100/16=6.25)
□
Non-protein nitrogen also from amino acids, nitrates,
nitrites
!
Urea -mammals
!
Uric acid -birds, reptiles, desert rodents
!
Ammonium salts, nucleic acids, some B vitamins
!
Assumes all N from proteins
□
Considerable error with faces -very little true protein
□
Problems:
!
Crude protein
•
Method: DM boiled in dilute acid, then in dilute alkali, residue
heated to 600C to only leave ash
!
Calculation: %CF = ((weight of residue of boiling -ash) / DM) *
100%
!
Contents: cellulose, some hemicellulose, lignin, cutin
!
Problems: underestimates total fibre in feed as some hemicellulose
and some lignin (even some cellulose) are dissolved
!
Crude fibre (plant cell walls)
•
Method: calculation NOT analysis
!
Calculation: %NFE = 100 -(%EE + %Ash + %CP + %CF)
!
Contents: sugars, starches, some cellulose, some hemicellulose,
some lignin
!
No actual analysis
□
Problems: accumulates errors from all other analyses
!
Nitrogen free extract (sugars)
•
Proximate Analysis1.
Method: extract by boiling with neutral detergent
!
Contents: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
!
'a measure of plant cell wall'
!
No pectin
□
May contain animal keratin
□
May contain soil minerals
□
Problems:
!
Neutral detergent fibre
•
Method: reflux with sulphuric acid
!
Contents: cellulose, lignin
!
'correlates well with digestibility'
!
Problems: may contain Si
!
Acid detergent fibre
•
Van Soest Detergent Fibre Analysis -used for plant material2.
Methods of Feed (& Faecal) Analysis:
Contents: all cell contents, lipids, sugars, organic acids, pectin (from cell wall),
starch, non-protein nitrogen, soluble protein
•
'a measure of cell contents'
•
*components soluble in NDF and ADF:
Metabolizable E = Gross E -Faecal E -Urinary E -Gaseous E
•
Endogenous matter: sloughed cells, enzymes, mucous, urea
•
Faeces: undigested and indigestible food + endogenous matter
•
GE -Faecal Energy = Digestible Energy (DE)
•
DE -Urinary E -Gaseous E (methane) = ME
•
Gross Energy (GE): bomb calorimetry
•
NE = ME -heat (HE heat increment)
•
Maintenance, production, reproduction
!
Basal metabolism
!
Growth
!
Voluntary activity
!
Gestation/lactation
!
Thermoregulation
!
Eggs/wool/feathers
!
Used for…
•
Metabolized Energy -energy expended by an animal
□
Maintenance Energy -maintenance component of ME
□
DON’T USE:
!
ME = GE -faecal E -urinary E -gaseous E
!
AME = food energy (GE) -faecal energy (-urinary energy -
gaseous energy)?
□
Apparent (gross) Metabolizable Energy (AME)
!
TME = food energy (GE) -(faecal energy + endogenous
energy)
□
True (net) Metabolizable Energy (TME)
!
TME -always higher for energy, proteins, fats (can be endogenous)
!
AME -true for fibres, carbohydrates (cannot be endogenous)
!
Metabolizable Energy (ME) -defines energy intake (from a given food or
diet) at a metabolically useful level (i.e. metabolically available) e.g.
kcal/g
•
Net Energy (NE)
•
Abbreviations -Food Energy
*Proximate Analysis (CF)
underestimates total fibre and does
not distinguish between the different
fibers
Pectin (soluble polysaccharide;
in fruit)
1)
Cellulose (insoluble
polysaccharide)
2)
Hemicellulose (insoluble
polysaccharide)
3)
Lignin (insoluble nonsaccharide
polymer)
4)
Plant Cell Wall/Fibre
1-3: not digested by
mammalian/animal enzymes;
fermented by microbial enzyme
4: not digested by any
vertebrate/microbial enzymes
Fundamentals of Wildlife Nutrition -Part IV
Monday,*January*30,*2017
12:30*PM
Vertebrate classification and taxonomy1.
Feed Analysis2.
Topics:
Cartilage skeleton, fins, gills
○
Includes sharks and rays
○
Class: Chondrichthyes
•
Fish with bone skeleton, fins, scales
○
Includes sturgeon, cod, herring
○
Class: Actinopterygii
•
Adults can live on land near water, lay eggs in water, aquatic larvae, moist
glandular skin
○
Includes frogs, toads, salamanders
○
Class: Amphibia
•
Lay soft-shelled eggs on land, dry scaly skin
○
Includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles
○
Class: Reptilia
•
Lay hard-shelled eggs, feathers, flight
○
Class: Aves
•
All females produce milk, nearly all have fur or hair
○
Class: Mammalia
•
Vertebrate Classification (IUCNredlist)
Lay shelled eggs, then suckle their young
!
Includes: spiny anteaters (echidna), platypus
!
Order: Monotremata
○
Monotremes
•
Quolls, numbat, Tasmanian devil
!
Order: Dasyuromorphia
○
Virginia opossum, opossums
!
Order: Didelphi
○
Shrew opossums
!
Order: Paucituberculata
○
Cuscus, sugar glider, kanagroos/wallabies, koala, wombats, brushtail
& ringtail possums
!
Order: Diprodontia
○
Marsupial moles
!
Order: Notoryctemorphia
○
Bandicoots
!
Order: Peramelemorphia
○
Marsupials -young start develop in uterus and complete development in the
marsupium
•
Armadillos
!
Order: Cingulata
○
Giant anteaters, tamandua, sloths
!
Order: Pilosa
○
Tenrecs, golden moles
!
Order: Afrosoricida
○
Hedgehogs, shrews, moles
!
Order: Eulipotyphia
○
Tree ahrewa
!
Order: Scandentia
○
Flying lemur
!
Order: Dermoptera
○
Bats (>980 spp.) *2nd largest mammal order
!
Order: Chiroptera
○
Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, organutans, chimpanzees,
gorillas, man
!
Order: Primates
○
Canids: dogs, foxes, coyotes, wolves, jackals
!
Ursids: bears, giant panda
!
Raccoons, lesser panda, weasels, milk, badgers, skunks, otters,
mongooses, hyaenas
!
Felids: cats, lynx, lion, leopards, cheetah, tigers
!
Seals, sea lions, walrus (used to be Pinnipedia)
!
Order: Carnivora (includes omnivores and herbivores)
○
Gugong, manatees
!
Order: Sirenia
○
Elephants
!
Order: Proboscidea
○
Horses, donkey, zebras
!
Tapirs, rhinoceros
!
Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates/hoofed)
○
Hyraxes
!
Order: Hydracoidea
○
Aardvarks
!
Order: Tubulindentata
○
Dolphins, porpoises, whales, narwhal
!
Camels, llamas (pre-ruminants, no osmasum)
!
Deer, moose, elk, caribou, reindeer
□
Giraffe
□
Cattle, antelopes, buffaloes, yak, bison, muskox, goats, sheep
□
Ruminants:
!
Order: Certartiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) *Cetecea + Artiodactyla
○
Pangolins/scaly anteaters
!
Order: Pholidota
○
Beavers, squirrels, marmots, gophers, rats, mice, gerbils, voles,
porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras, chinchillas
!
Order: Rodentia *(>1790 spp -largest mammal order)
○
Rabbits, hares, pikas
!
Order: Lagomorpha
○
Elephant-shrews/sengis
!
Order: Macroscelidea
○
Eutherian -young complete development in the uterus, attached to placenta
•
Further Mammalian classifications:
Class: Mammalia
•
Order: Carnivora
•
Family: Phocidae
•
Genus species: Mirounga angustirostris
•
Example: Northern Elephant Seal
Compare with 'as is', 'as fed' or 'fresh weight'
○
DM -dry matter
•
Abbreviations
(23/100)*100% = 23% DM
•
Ex. A 100g sample of feed is dried at 100C, weighing 23g after drying
Nutrient density = daily caloric needs either butter or lettuce -bulk a major
consideration
Method: dry a weighed sample in a oven at 100C to constant weight
!
Problems: VFAs, alcohols may be lose during drying
!
Dry matter
•
Some refer to this as crude fat
!
Method: extract dry sample with petroleum ether
!
Calculation: %EE = (weight of EE residue / DM) * 100%
!
Contents: fats (TG, sterols, PL), free FA, fat-soluble vitamins, plant
pigments (chlorophyll, xanthophyll), resins, waxes, volatile oils
!
In plants: EE -up to 50% non-nutrients
□
Problems: plant pigments, resins, volatile oils are not nutrients
!
Ether extracts (fats)
•
Method: EE residue heated to 600C to burn off organic material
leaving ash (minerals)
!
Contents: inorganic minerals
!
Calculation: %Ash = (weight of ash/ DM) * 100%
!
Problems: some minerals (Se, Hg, Pb, Cr, As) may be lost by
volatilization
!
Ash (minerals)
•
Method: dry sample analyzed for nitrogen using Kjedahl method
!
Calculation: %CP = (N in sample*6.25 / DM) *100%
!
Contents: nitrogenous compounds
!
Actual range is 13-19%
!
18.9% -nuts
!
15.7% -milk
!
assumes all proteins are 16%N (100/16=6.25)
□
Non-protein nitrogen also from amino acids, nitrates,
nitrites
!
Urea -mammals
!
Uric acid -birds, reptiles, desert rodents
!
Ammonium salts, nucleic acids, some B vitamins
!
Assumes all N from proteins
□
Considerable error with faces -very little true protein
□
Problems:
!
Crude protein
•
Method: DM boiled in dilute acid, then in dilute alkali, residue
heated to 600C to only leave ash
!
Calculation: %CF = ((weight of residue of boiling -ash) / DM) *
100%
!
Contents: cellulose, some hemicellulose, lignin, cutin
!
Problems: underestimates total fibre in feed as some hemicellulose
and some lignin (even some cellulose) are dissolved
!
Crude fibre (plant cell walls)
•
Method: calculation NOT analysis
!
Calculation: %NFE = 100 -(%EE + %Ash + %CP + %CF)
!
Contents: sugars, starches, some cellulose, some hemicellulose,
some lignin
!
No actual analysis
□
Problems: accumulates errors from all other analyses
!
Nitrogen free extract (sugars)
•
Proximate Analysis1.
Method: extract by boiling with neutral detergent
!
Contents: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
!
'a measure of plant cell wall'
!
No pectin
□
May contain animal keratin
□
May contain soil minerals
□
Problems:
!
Neutral detergent fibre
•
Method: reflux with sulphuric acid
!
Contents: cellulose, lignin
!
'correlates well with digestibility'
!
Problems: may contain Si
!
Acid detergent fibre
•
Van Soest Detergent Fibre Analysis -used for plant material2.
Methods of Feed (& Faecal) Analysis:
Contents: all cell contents, lipids, sugars, organic acids, pectin (from cell wall),
starch, non-protein nitrogen, soluble protein
•
'a measure of cell contents'
•
*components soluble in NDF and ADF:
Metabolizable E = Gross E -Faecal E -Urinary E -Gaseous E
•
Endogenous matter: sloughed cells, enzymes, mucous, urea
•
Faeces: undigested and indigestible food + endogenous matter
•
GE -Faecal Energy = Digestible Energy (DE)
•
DE -Urinary E -Gaseous E (methane) = ME
•
Gross Energy (GE): bomb calorimetry
•
NE = ME -heat (HE heat increment)
•
Maintenance, production, reproduction
!
Basal metabolism
!
Growth
!
Voluntary activity
!
Gestation/lactation
!
Thermoregulation
!
Eggs/wool/feathers
!
Used for…
•
Metabolized Energy -energy expended by an animal
□
Maintenance Energy -maintenance component of ME
□
DON’T USE:
!
ME = GE -faecal E -urinary E -gaseous E
!
AME = food energy (GE) -faecal energy (-urinary energy -
gaseous energy)?
□
Apparent (gross) Metabolizable Energy (AME)
!
TME = food energy (GE) -(faecal energy + endogenous
energy)
□
True (net) Metabolizable Energy (TME)
!
TME -always higher for energy, proteins, fats (can be endogenous)
!
AME -true for fibres, carbohydrates (cannot be endogenous)
!
Metabolizable Energy (ME) -defines energy intake (from a given food or
diet) at a metabolically useful level (i.e. metabolically available) e.g.
kcal/g
•
Net Energy (NE)
•
Abbreviations -Food Energy
*Proximate Analysis (CF)
underestimates total fibre and does
not distinguish between the different
fibers
Pectin (soluble polysaccharide;
in fruit)
1)
Cellulose (insoluble
polysaccharide)
2)
Hemicellulose (insoluble
polysaccharide)
3)
Lignin (insoluble nonsaccharide
polymer)
4)
Plant Cell Wall/Fibre
1-3: not digested by
mammalian/animal enzymes;
fermented by microbial enzyme
4: not digested by any
vertebrate/microbial enzymes
Fundamentals of Wildlife Nutrition -Part IV
Monday,*January*30,*2017 12:30*PM
Document Summary
Adults can live on land near water, lay eggs in water, aquatic larvae, moist glandular skin. Lay soft-shelled eggs on land, dry scaly skin. All females produce milk, nearly all have fur or hair. Marsupials - young start develop in uterus and complete development in the marsupium. Eutherian - young complete development in the uterus, attached to placenta. Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, organutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, man. Raccoons, lesser panda, weasels, milk, badgers, skunks, otters, mongooses, hyaenas. Seals, sea lions, walrus (used to be pinnipedia) Cattle, antelopes, buffaloes, yak, bison, muskox, goats, sheep. Order: rodentia *(>1790 spp - largest mammal order) Beavers, squirrels, marmots, gophers, rats, mice, gerbils, voles, porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras, chinchillas. Compare with "as is", "as fed" or "fresh weight" A 100g sample of feed is dried at 100c, weighing 23g after drying (23/100)*100% = 23% dm. Nutrient density = daily caloric needs either butter or lettuce - bulk a major consideration.
