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BIOL 1070 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Paraphyly, The Red Dot, Metabolic Water

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School
University of Guelph
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1070
Professor
Shoshanah Jacobs

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Document Summary

Fat water: their water comes from the burning of their fat. The metabolic burning of fat releases metabolic water . Polar bears do not hibernate: female polar bears den when they need to care for their cubs. Most bears do not hibernate, instead they are in a state of torpor: bears heart rate lowers, but their body temperature only decreases by around 10 degrees. If humans had a lower heart rate, it would be really bad for us (esp. If lowered by say half: the blood would pool, likely in the heart. Increases the blood pressure, which stretches and weakens the hearts muscles. They eat seals, if there is no ice, there are no seals. Grizzly bears live close-ish to the arctic (polar bears" typical range) The red dot on the map (joe haven) used to only hunt polar bears, now the grizzly bear has started to show up, so they have been hunting them too.

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Related Questions

Please help answer both parts of the question with full detail.Will give good rating.

a) Contrary to what we may have grown up learning, only smallanimals hibernate (not completely true…black bears are now believedto hibernate, however it’s a different mechanism than smallanimals-more on this later in the semester). Hibernation occurswhen an animal lowers its metabolic rate below it’sBMR.

Lets explore this relationship between hibernation and bodysize, by considering stored energy and the rate of energymetabolism (utilization). Here, you will calculate whetherhibernation is necessary by comparing a 1200 pound polar bear and a1.5 pound grey squirrel (like those living here in Columbus). Wecan compare how long each could survive during a winter fast ifthey used only body fat as their energy source, and do nothibernate (which requires a drop in metabolism below the BMR). Theweight-specific Basal metabolic rate (BMR) of mammals is 4.46M-0.30 when expressed in units ofmLO2consumed per gram of body tissue perhour and (importantly) weight is calculated ingrams. For this simple estimate, you may use BMR, but keepin mind that small animals have a larger increase in metabolismwith temperature than large animals. Calculate how long each animalcould survive on stored fat equal to 20% of its total body weight(this is a fairly reasonable fat amount found in both squirrels andbears in nature). Make sure you keep all units very clear duringthis calculation, there are many steps.

Potentially useful information:

The value of energy content of fat is 9.3 kCal per gram of fatand 2.0 L of O2 are consumed per gram of fatmetabolized. There are 5280 feet in a mile, and 1.0 foot = 0.3048meters. One calorie = 4.184 joules. One pound (lb) = 454 grams andone ounce is 28.375 grams.

b) Given your results, what do you think might be the potentialsolutions for a) squirrels and b) polar bears for surviving throughthe winter (keeping in mind that food is scarce so they can’t juststay awake and look for food!) This should only be a FEWsentences!