Hist09The Reformation and Counter Reformation.pdf

Oct.  4,  1023   Early  Modern  World   Reformation  and  Counter-­‐Reformation   Midterm  Examples:   Clicker  Question:   “Predestination  we  call  the  eternal  decree  of  God…”   John  Calvin,  16  C.  Reformation,  Geneva,  an  area  where  Calvinists  and   Lutherans  disagree   “For  Five  Marks  please  situate  this  quote  and  describe  its  context”   • Author   • What  its  about   • Place  and  date  (approximate,  in  this  case  16  century  Reformation)   Clicker  Question,  example  of  a  multiple-­‐choice  question:     In  which  year  and  where  did  Martin  Luther  launch  his  95  theses?     Wittenberg,  1517   Exam  Question:   For  Five  marks  situate  and  describe  the  historical  context  for  two  of  these   persons/terms:   • Hernan  Cortes   • Joan  of  Arc   • Avignon  Papacy   • Humanism   Why  did  Protestantism  spread  so  fast?   • Printing  press   o Primarily  effected  urban  middle  class   • Supported  by  princes  and  city  rulers   o Why?  Lost  taxes  to  the  church   • Strong  anti-­‐clericalism   o Criticism  against  the  church  already  present,  critical  of  priests   Changes  for  Women   • Positive  for  women,  benefits  and  negative  consequences   o Higher  status  for  married  women   o Luther  underlined  all  believers  equal  in  faith,  interpreted  as   strengthening  the  status  of  women  in  society  as  well   o Education  for  women   • Negative   o Fewer  females  images  and  role  models  (female  saints  disappeared   and  mystics  books  not  read  anymore,  males  the  symbol)   o Dissolution  of  monasteries  (cannot  join  the  church  if  wanted  to  live  a   holy  life)    Only  role  for  women  were  as  mothers  and  wives     A  Challenge  to  Authority,  1525   • Peasants’  War  (Holy  Roman  Empire   o German  peasants  rose  up  against  lords  and  Catholic  church   o Taxes  to  both  lords  and  to  the  church   o Wanted  social  equality   • Princes  crushed  the  rebellion,  killed  thousands  of  peasants   • Peasants  disappointed,  must  submit  to  authority  –Luther  and  Calvin   • Religious  changes  not  social  changes  (Luther  and  Calvin)   Anabaptists   • =”Re-­‐baptizers”   o Child,  infant  cannot  accept  faith,  don’t  have  the  capacity  to  understand   and  accept  Jesus   o Should  only  be  for  adults,  not  children   • Began  in  Zurich,  many  pacifists,  refused  to  accept  authority   • Anabaptists  killed,  but  kept  spreading   1534   • Took  over  the  city  of  Munster   1535   • Besieged  by  both  Protestants  and  Catholics   • Tortured  and  killed  every  single  Anabaptist,  brutal  death  penalties,  not  all   religious  changes  accepted   Menno  Simons  (1469-­‐1561)   • Gave  his  name  to  the  Mennonites   • Anabaptist  leader   Catholic  Reactions   • Many  people  wanted  to  return  to  a  genuine  church   Catholic  Renewal   • Reform  the  church  from  within   • The  Fifth  Lateran  Council  (1513-­‐1517),  dealings  within  the  church   o Had  no  effect   • Would  take  place  outside  the  papacy   • Spiritual  movement  =  New