45Week 9
Milk and Cheese
Constituents in Milk:
1) In Solution (milk is 87% water)
a. Watersoluble vitamins (riboflavin= good source, thiamin= small amount,
niacin= small amount {all bvitamins])
b. Ascorbic acid/vitaminC = small amount
c. Minerals:
i. 1/3 of Calcium (Ca)
ii. Potassium (K)
iii. Magnesium (Mg)
iv. Sodium (Na)
d. Lactose= sugar in milk
i. Participate in Maillard browning reaction
e. Salts
2) Constitutes in Colloidal Dispersion
a. Stabilized by:
i. Brownian movement
ii. Like charges repel
iii. Water of hydration
b. Remaining 2/3 of Calcium (Ca)
c. Phosphate
d. Proteins – whey proteins and casein proteins
Milk Proteins
Total protein in milk= 3.3 to 3.5%
o 80% casein proteins
o 20% whey proteins
Whey Proteins: lactalbumin and lactoglobulin
Readily denatured by heat
Casein Proteins:
Alpha
Beta
Kappa
Exist in a complex with calcium and phosphate
Complex is called: Calcium Phosphocaseinate
Known as CASEIN MICELLE
Denatured by:
o Acid
o Polyphenolic compounds
o Enzyme rennin 3) Constituents in Emulsions:
a. Milk fat: whole milk (3.3 to 4%)
i. 2% some fat has been removed
ii. 1% most of the fat has been removed
iii. Skim milk (0.1.5%)
b. Milk is a fatinwater emulsion
i. Fat is dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase
c. Fat exists as globules
d. Kept in emulsion by an emulsifying layer around fat globules
i. Emulsifying layer is composed mainly of lipoproteins
e. Vitamins A and D are fat soluble vitamins found in emulsion
Homogenization:
Prevent the fat globules from forming larger clusters which rise to the surface of
the milk
Reduces the size of fat globules
Milk is pumped under extreme pressure through small hole
Better ratio of emulsifying layer to fat globule
Fat globules permanently distributed, as a very fine emulsion, throughout milk
Homogenized milk is whiter, more opaque, and easier to digest
Pasteurization:
All fluid milk (whole milk, 2%, 1% and skim) and cream must be pasteurized
Destroys pathogenic microorganisms
In particular TUBERCULOSIS brucellosis
99.4% if bacteria are destroyed
15 seconds at 72 degrees C (HTST high temperature, short time) OR
2 seconds at 138 degrees C (ultra pasteurization)
PurFiltre Milk:
Introduce by 1994 by Ault Foods Ltd.
Now sold under brand name ‘Natrel’ or ‘TruTaste’
Milk is passed through extremely fine filter to remove bacteria, then pasteurized
4 steps:
o Separate fat from whole 2% or 1% milk
o Filter milk
o Add fat back
o Pasteurize milk
99.9% bacteria removed or destroyed
Longer storage time and shorter pasteurization time (= better flavor)
Cultured Dairy Products: (yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk)
Inoculate milk with nonpathogenic bacterial culture: o Lactobacillus bulgaris and/or Streptococcus thermophiles
Ferments lactose into lactic acid
pH decreases from 6.6 to 4.6 (IEP of casein proteins)
Casein proteins denature and coagulate
Denaturation of Whey Proteins:
Lactalbumin and lactoglobulin
Denatured by heat
Denatured whey proteins precipitate out of colloidal dispersion
o Settle to the bottom of a container
Direct heat source causes denatured whey proteins to burn
o Use double boiler (less than 100 degree Celsius) to heat milk
Acid Denaturation of Casein Proteins
Casein micelles are colloidally dispersed at pH of milk (pH 6.7)
Negative charges around casein micelles repel each other and keep micelles stable
Adding acid decreases the pH and adds hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ions neutralize negative charges around micelles
Overall charge on micelles becomes ‘0”
o Bring casein micelles to their IEP (pH 4.6)
At IEP (pH 4.6) micelles are denatured
Adhere together forming larger, less stable molecules
o Precipitate out of colloidal dispersion= CURDLING
o Heat accelerates reaction
Minimizing Curdling by Acid:
1) Minimize heating
a. Use double boiler (less than a 100 degrees)
b. Heat only to serving temperature (do not boil)
2) Minimize time acid ingredient and casein (in milk) are together
a. Ex: adding milk to Cream on Tomato soup in lab just before serving
3) Thicken water phase around casein micelles
a. Physically prevents denatured casein micelles from adhering together and
precipitating out of colloidal dispersion
i. Use:
1. Starch: if product involves heat (ex: Macaroni and cheese)
2. Or:
3. Gelatin: if conditions are cold (ex: Raspberry Velvet)
Denaturation of Casein by Polyphenolic Compounds:
Polyphenolic compounds are found in:
o Lightcoloured, low acid fruits and veggies (ex: potatoes, apples, etc)
Polyphenolic compounds remove water of hydration from around the casein
micelles
o Micelles denature o Denatured micelles adhere together and form larger, less stable molecules
o Larger molecule precipitate out of colloidal dispersion = CURDLING
o Reaction is accelerated by heat
Minimize Curdling by Polyphenolic Compounds:
1) Minimize heating:
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