LING 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Part Of Speech, Homophone, Unit

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UNIT 2: Morphology
Morphology and words
- Morphology studies WORDS, how they are built and how they interact with
one another
- Homophone: different words with the same sounds but different meaning
(ex. bare and bear)
- Synonyms: different words but same meaning or nearly same meaning
- Generic form: can be used for males and females
- Orthography: spelling of a word
- Discretness: funcdamental property of human language in which larger
linguistic units are composed of smaller units.
o Eg. the pupp is composed to be the and puppy
- Adjectives = Descriptive words
- Adverbs: add ly to adjectives and they become adverbs, they describe how
something is done
o Quickly quickly, slow slowly
- Verbs: action words
- Linguistics differentiate between content words (open class because we can
add new words) and function words (closed class because we cannot add
new words easily)
o Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, they describe
things, actions, attributes and ideas
Called open class because you can add more words to this
group
o Function words: don’t have a clear lexical meaning, have a
grammatical function in language and consist of conjunctions,
prepositions, determiners and pronouns
Closed class words because there are very rarely new words
added to this group
- Table 2.1: Content or open class words
Nouns
Refer to people, animals, things
Ex: Peter, friend, dog, house, information
Verbs
Denote actions or states. Ex: talk, sleep, know,
say
Adjectives
Denote properties or characteristics, they
describe nouns.
Ex. Tall, content, angry, red.
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Adverbs
Modify verbs or adjectives. Ex. Quickly,
happily, angrily, very. Add ly
Table 2.2: Function or closed class words
Prepositions
Express relations in space and time. Ex. On,
off, over with, until, through.
Pronouns
Take the place of a noun. Ex. I, you, he, we
they, etc.
Determiners
Modify nouns and specify or clarify the
reference to the noun. Ex. the, a, my, this,
those, etc.
Auxiliary verbs and modals
Help verbs or denote the mood of a verb. Ex.
do, have, be, may, could, etc.
Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning
- Morphemes are generally called affixes
- when you add morphemes to the beginning of the root, they are called
prefixes (ex. un do, undo)
- add morphemes to the end of the word, they are called suffixes (ex. boyish
adjective that means like a boy
- morpheme: is a single word that cannot be broken down into smaller
elements
o elephant, boy, desire
o or a single sound as in a in amoral
- every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes
- discreteness: decomposition of words into morphemes
- accidental or lexical gaps: no dictionary can list all possible words so there
are always gaps in lexicons words not in dictionary but can be added
- Productive: can be used freely to form new words. The suffix able is a
morpheme can can be conjoined with any verb to derive an adjective with
the meaning of the verb
- Antonyms: negative of the word, adding -un to words makes it an antonym
- Grammatical categories: also known are parts of speech
Bound and Free Morphemes
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Document Summary

Morphology studies words, how they are built and how they interact with one another. Homophone: different words with the same sounds but different meaning (ex. bare and bear) linguistic units are composed of smaller units. Synonyms: different words but same meaning or nearly same meaning. Generic form: can be used for males and females. Discretness: funcdamental property of human language in which larger: eg. (cid:498)the pupp(cid:499) is composed to be (cid:498)the(cid:499) and (cid:498)puppy(cid:499) Adverbs: add (cid:498)ly(cid:499) to adjectives and they become adverbs, they describe how. Adjectives = descriptive words something is done: quickly quickly, slow slowly. Table 2. 1: content or open class words. Modify nouns and specify or clarify the reference to the noun. Help verbs or denote the mood of a verb. When you add morphemes to the beginning of the root, they are called prefixes (ex. un do, undo) Add morphemes to the end of the word, they are called suffixes (ex. boyish elements: elephant, boy, desire.

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