LING 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Complementary Distribution, Phoneme, Nasalization
14 May 2018
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UNIT 06: PHONOLOGY
- Phonology: patterning and arranging of speech sound
- Segments: making phonetic distinctions and the units we distinguish are
called segments
o Ex. dent and tent
o Little puff of air (aspirations) that goes with the first [th] in tent but
not the second t
Phonemes and Allophones
- Phoneme: representation of a sound that is part of the phonetic inventory
of contrasting sounds
o [t] and [d] in tent and dent distinguish two word with different
meanings
o place phonemes between // when transcribing
- Allophone: different way of pronouncing a phoneme but doesn’t change
the meaning of a word
o [th] is an allophone of [t]
o allophones transcribed inside square brackets
o /t/ [th] at the beginning of a stressed syllable
o English vowels become longer If they appear before voiced
obstruent’s (stops /b, d, g/; nasal stops /m, n, ŋ/, fricatives /v, ð, z,
ʒ/, and affricates /dʒ/)
o /i/ → [i:] in front of voiced obstruent’s
- phone: difference between phoneme and phonetic segment by reffering to
difference between oral and nasal vowels
Minimal pairs
- two words differing in only one sound in the same place is a minimal pairs
o tend and dent, beat and bet, bus and bun
o focus on sound not spelling
- English consonants
o fine /f/ and vine /v/
o dim /m/ and din /n/ ding /ŋ/
o thigh /θ/ and thy /ð/
o right /ɹ/ and light /l/
o zoo /z/ and sue /s/
o yet /ʝ/ and wet /w/
o cheap /tʃ/ and jeep /dʒ/
- English vowels
o beet /i/ and bit /ɪ/ and bet /ɛ/ and bait /e/ and bat /æ/ and bot /ɒ/
o bought /ɔ/ and boat /ow/ and boot /u/
o cooed /u/ and could /ʊ/
o cut /ʌ/ and kit /ɪ/
Complementary distribution
- When allophones of the same phoneme such as [t] and [th] and [i] and [i:]
occur as they do in English, they are usually in the same position or
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Phonology: patterning and arranging of speech sound. Segments: making phonetic distinctions and the units we distinguish are called segments: ex. dent and tent, little puff of air (aspirations) that goes with the first [th] in tent but not the second (cid:1688)t(cid:1689) Phoneme: representation of a sound that is part of the phonetic inventory of contrasting sounds. [t] and [d] in tent and dent distinguish two word with different meanings: place phonemes between // when transcribing. Allophone: different way of pronouncing a phoneme but doesn"t change the meaning of a word. [th] is an allophone of [t: allophones transcribed inside square brackets, english vowels become longer if they appear before voiced. /t/ [th] at the beginning of a stressed syllable obstruent"s (stops /b, d, g/; nasal stops /m, n, /, fricatives /v, , z, /i/ [i:] in front of voiced obstruent"s. Phone: difference between phoneme and phonetic segment by reffering to difference between oral and nasal vowels.
