MICR 3330 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Glycosaminoglycan, Endosome, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

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Flavivirida e
Yellow fever
Hepatitis C and beyond
Family of highly deadly pathogens and zoonosis
Defining Features
Based on density map on cryo-EM three distinct layers
Envelope protein: 180 copies each of E and M proteins
Lipid bilayer
Nucelocapsid core: icosahedral symmetry 25-30 nm
CP is basic
E protein (500 aa) lie on top of membrane, smooth surface (golf ball)
+ strand ssRNA genomes
genome expression: polyprotein and proteolytic processing
many are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mosquito or tick)
Taxonomy and Important Members
Flavivirus  Yellow fever virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus
Pestivirus  bovine viral diarrhea hosts in ruminants
Hepacivirus  hepatitis C virus in humans
Yellow Fever
An ancient severe disease first recorded in mexico
First human virus discovered (transmissible by arthropod vector)
Still public threat in africa and SA
Mortality up to 50% in certain epidemics
Hepatitis: damage to liver, this skin turns yellow
Introduced through slave trade
Phili epidemic 10% of city population died
Finlay suggested mosquito transmission
Panama Canal and Yellow fever US government had to clear out jungle during building of cannal so no
major infection
Reed said serum contains the virus and mosquito transmits disease
Control and prevention
Theiler attenuated vaccine strain 17-D and tested on lab mice
17-D provides immunity in experimental rhesus monkeys and humans
Nobel Prize
Difference b/w 17D and wildtype: nts and aa changes, 12 of which are envelope proteins
West Nile
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First identified in West Nile district of Uganda
Infection of CNS causes mild to fatal paralysis and death
Widespread in Africa
1999 introduced into NYC
blood transfusions or transplants were shown to show re-infection in recipient patients
Endemic in birds and mosquitos in USA and Canada
Humans “dead end” carriers as virus in mammals usually not sufficient to be transmitted back to
mosquito, thereby ending transmission cycle
2 deaths in Ontario in 2017-10-21
Zika Virus
first isolated in Zika Forest Uganda
subsequent spread to other equatorial countries like Africa
since 2007: moving across PO to reach America
epidemic in Braxil: 1.5 million infections resulted in cases of microcephaly
in 2016 WHO declared emergency of international concern
Hepatitis C
“None A None B” hepatitis
discovered in 1989 via molecular cloning
3% of worlds population infected
Chronic cases in US  cirrhosis and liver cancer
Mortality continues to rise (As earlier infections due to blood transfusion become apparent)
Blood screening for HCV  1990
The Liver and Hepatocytes
Source of bile salts
Detoxification
Active protein synthesis and storage
Highly active metabolism
Hepatocytes live for 6 months
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Document Summary

Based on density map on cryo-em three distinct layers. Envelope protein: 180 copies each of e and m proteins. E protein (500 aa) lie on top of membrane, smooth surface (golf ball) + strand ssrna genomes genome expression: polyprotein and proteolytic processing. Many are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mosquito or tick) Flavivirus yellow fever virus, west nile virus and zika virus. Pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea hosts in ruminants. Hepacivirus hepatitis c virus in humans. An ancient severe disease first recorded in mexico. First human virus discovered (transmissible by arthropod vector) Mortality up to 50% in certain epidemics. Hepatitis: damage to liver, this skin turns yellow. Panama canal and yellow fever us government had to clear out jungle during building of cannal so no major infection. Reed said serum contains the virus and mosquito transmits disease. Theiler attenuated vaccine strain 17-d and tested on lab mice. 17-d provides immunity in experimental rhesus monkeys and humans.

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