PATH 3610 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Bone Marrow Examination, Haematopoiesis, Hematology
14 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Haematopoietic System
Clinical Path- Haematology
The blood test and what is tests for
- serology/antigen/immunology: study of the components of immune system
(antibody, T-cell, antigens)
- fluids, electrolytes and acid base
- haemostasis and coagulation
- platelets, endothelium, coagulation cascade
- toxicology
- clinical biochemistry: organ specific and function, carb and lipid metabolism,
enzymology and endocrinology
- haematology: study of the cells of the blood
Haematology: cells of the blood
- normal cells in bloodstream originate in bone marrow (haematopoiesis),
include RBC, WBC and platelets
o majority of cells produced inside bone marrow = haematopoiesis
(making of blood)
- circulate in peripheral blood
- exit or are removed
- poiesis = making, formation; peripheral – outskirts
- BM to peripheral blood
o Produce any blood cell – stem cells
Cells of blood
- white blood cells (WBC; leukocytes)
o lymphocytes – have stem cells in bone marrow
o granulocytes – granulocytopoiesis, (short –granulopoiesis)
▪ neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
o monocytes – monocytopoiesis
- Haematopoiesis or myelopoiesis: production of the cells of the blood
o Erythropoiesis = production of erythrocytes
o Granulocytopoiesis = production of granulocytes
o Thrombopoiesis = production of platelets
- Cells of blood = platelets, RBC and WBC
Where do they go?
- RBC
o Live in circulation
o Senescent red cells go to spleen – removed based on fragility
o Blood doping test
- WBC
o Leukocyte emigration
o Lymphocytes to lymphoid tissue
o Granulocytes and monocytes exit to tissues
Haematology
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- examination of haematopoiesis
o bone marrow aspirate cytology
o bone marrow biopsy for assessment of bone marrow
- examination of peripheral blood
o cell counts
o cell morphology
Blood cell numbers/counts
- normal reference range: 95% of normal population
- calculate mean and SD
- normal reference range = mean +/- 2 SD
- numbers too high or low are due to increased/decreased bone marrow
production, intravascular destruction or exit
Variation from normal
- too high – use –osis or –philia
o leukocytosis, neutrophilia
- too low – use –penia
o leukopenia, neutropenia
- balance of production and usage/loss
Erythrocytes
- PCV = packed cell volume or haemotocrit (crit) is a test of red cell mass
compared to fluid in blood
- function – oxygen and CO2 carrying capacity
o O2 dissolves so need a carrier molecule to carry it - Hb
- live 120 days
- erythrocyte size can be measured to give mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
- measurements
o haemoglobin concentration (Hb) – gives functional capacity measure
o packed cell volume (hematocrit)
o red cell count (RCC, RBC)
- Conditions
o Anaemia – reduced RBC (little red cells)
o Polycythemia – increased RBC
Anaemia – reduction in red cell mass
- RCC, haematocrit, PCV and Hb are all reduced
- clinical signs
o weakness
o pallor
o reduced energy
o exercise intolerance
Anaemia – causes
- Reduced production (non regenerative/aplastic)
o Iron deficiency
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The blood test and what is tests for. Haematopoietic system serology/antigen/immunology: study of the components of immune system (antibody, t-cell, antigens) fluids, electrolytes and acid base. Platelets, endothelium, coagulation cascade toxicology clinical biochemistry: organ specific and function, carb and lipid metabolism, enzymology and endocrinology. Haematology: study of the cells of the blood. Normal cells in bloodstream originate in bone marrow (haematopoiesis), include rbc, wbc and platelets: majority of cells produced inside bone marrow = haematopoiesis (making of blood) Bm to peripheral blood circulate in peripheral blood. Poiesis = making, formation; peripheral outskirts: produce any blood cell stem cells lymphocytes have stem cells in bone marrow, granulocytes granulocytopoiesis, (short granulopoiesis, monocytes monocytopoiesis, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Haematopoiesis or myelopoiesis: production of the cells of the blood: erythropoiesis = production of erythrocytes, granulocytopoiesis = production of granulocytes, thrombopoiesis = production of platelets. Cells of blood = platelets, rbc and wbc.
