POPM 3240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Sensitivity And Specificity, Theoretical Definition, Mucus

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13 Dec 2017

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Multiple tests are often combined in order to fully assess a health situation or disease diagnosis: series or sequential testing and, parallel or simultaneous testing: In series testing, tests are used one after another in sequence, to determine a final decision. Only those individuals that test positive on the first test undergo testing with the second test . a cheap first test is available that is less invasive and uncomfortable. The second test used is often the more expensive test and may be more invasive: we begin by conducting test 1. Thus, there are only two possible results: outcome + or outcome -. if outcome -, no further testing. If outcome +, then they proceed to test 2, and there are again, only 2 outcomes. If 2nd test is -, ppl are disease free, in series testing an individual must test positive on. Both tests to be considered outcome positive (have the disease).

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1. Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, except

A risk factors for disease

B characteristics associated with having the disease

C blood pressure

D presence of disease

2. Abstracts provide a glimpse into the content of an article?

A true

B false

3. Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies is an example of a societal benefit of health research?

A true

B false

4. Population health research objectives may include:

A identifying and classifying new health problems

B determining risk factors

C evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes

D al of the above

5. All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, except:

A spirometry

B electrocardiography

C audiometry

D all of the above

6. Which is not an example of population based research?

A compare rates of acure lung disease in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are correlated with local air quality

B determine whether survival following breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presencw of certain genes

C conduct a vaccine trial

D analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

7. Health researchers examine all of the following factors that contribute to health and to disease illness disability and death except:

8. ____ is physiological measurements that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction.

A anthropometry

B basic vital signs

C clinical examinations

D biological specimens

9. Population based studies are typically conducted using:

A human subjects

B animals

C research facilities

D none of the above

10. The process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learn or discover new information about the world is known as?

11. When identifying specific exposures diseases and populations of interest identifying relevant statistics is not helpful.

A true

B false

12. Which of the following is not an example of an adittional assessment that can be conducted as a way to supplement self reported information during the data collection process?

A vital signs

B test of physiological function

C physical fitness tests

D surveys

13. To look for a health science abstract in PubMed one an use all of the following search methods except:

14. When conducting anthropometric measurements, there is no need for the researcher to ensure that the methods used to take these measurements are standardized

A true

B false

15. There is no need to read the full article if the abstract is available.

A true

B false

16. Which of the following is not an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states that machines are unable to assess well?

A breath sounds and other respiratory functions

B heart sounds

C heart rate

D the condition of the skin hair and nails

17. Which is not a step in the research process?

A identify a study question

B select a study approach

C report study findings

D all of the above

18. A paragraph length summary of an article chapter or book is known as a

19. Health science abstracts usually provide a brief description of

A study design

B the study populatio

C key findings of the study

D all of the above

20. The goal of every research project is to find and address gaps in the literature and to build on precious work.

A true

B false

21. Which is not an example of laboratory research?

A compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas

B identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug resistant bacteria

C use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population

D develop a new vaccine

22. If clinical examinations are conducted as part of the data collection process an assessment form should carefully describe each component of the examination procedure to be used and diagnostic procedure for each item on the assessment form

A true

B false

23. ____ is the measurement of the size/composition of the human body

A anthropology

B vital signs

C clinical examinations

D biological specimens

24. Health research is considered to be a scientific process only.

A true

B false

25. The goal of any one research project is to contribute vast amount of information that when pooled with other researchers information will provide evidentiary foundation for change

A true

B false

26. Which is an example of health abstract databases available from libraries via subscription

27. All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements except:

A height

B waist circumference

C skinfold measurements

D blood pressure

28. All of the following are good sources of information that a researcher can use to explore what his primary area of research interest is except:

29. Which of the following is the most important publicly available health science database?

(Please show as much work as possible)

1. You are bidding in a second-price auction for a painting that you value at $800. You estimate that other bidders are most likely to value the painting at between $200 and $600. Which of these is likely to be your best bid?

a. $1,000

b. $800

c. $600

d. $400

2. Which of the following is true about different ways of conducting a private-value auction?

a. A first-price auction is strategically equivalent to a second-price auction.

b. A first-price auction is strategically equivalent to an English auction.

c. A second-price auction is strategically equivalent to an English auction.

d. None of the above

3. Suppose that five bidders with values of $500, $400, $300, $200, and $100 attend an oral auction. Which of these is closest to the winning price?

a. $500

b. $400

c. $300

d. $200

4. In the above auction, if the bidders with the first- and third-highest values ($500 and

$300) collude, which of these is closest to the winning price?

a. $500

b. $400

c. $300

d. $200

5. If a seller is concerned about collusion among bidders, which of the following changes to the auction, should the seller make?

a. Hold frequent, small auctions instead of infrequent large auctions.

b. Conceal the amount of winning bids.

c. Publically announce the name of each auction's winner.

d. Hold a second-price instead of a first-price auction.

6. You're holding an auction to license a new technology that your company has developed. One of your assistants raises a concern that bidders' fear of the winner's curse may encourage them to shade their bids. How might you address this concern?

a. Release your analyst's positive scenario for the technology's future profitability.

b. Release your analyst's negative scenario for the technology's future profitability.

c. Use an oral auction.

d. All of the above

7. In a first-price auction, you bid ________ your value, and in a second-price auction you bid _________ your value.

a. at; above

b. below; above

c. below; at

d. below; below

8. You hold an auction among three bidders. You estimate that each bidder has a value of either $16 or $20 for the item, and you attach probabilities to each value of 50%. What is the expected price? If two of the three bidders collude, what is the price?

9. In Sweden, firms that fail to meet their debt obligations are immediately auctioned off to the highest bidder. (There is no reorganization through Chapter 11 bankruptcy.) The current managers are often high bidders for the company. Why?

10. When a famous painting becomes available for sale, it is often known which museum or collector will be the likely winner. Yet, representatives of other museums that have no chance of winning are actively wooed by the auctioneer to attend anyway. Why?

11. The deities Mars and Venus often do battle to create the weather conditions on Earth. Venus prefers extreme temperatures (especially heat), while Mars prefers temperate conditions. The payoffs (expressed in Points of Wrath) are given below.

		Venus
		Warm	Chill
Mars	Warm	20 , 0	0 , 10
Chill	0 , 90	20 , 0

What is the unique mixed-strategy equilibrium of the above game?

(Let p be the probability of "Warm" for Mars, and q the probability of "Warm" for Venus.)

a) p=9/10, q=1/2

b) p=1/2, q=1/10

c) p=1/2, q=1/2

d) p=1/10, q=1/10

Player 2

		H	D
Player 1	H	0 , 0	4 , 1
D	1 , 4	2 , 2

12. The above game is the title of the hawk-dove game and used by evolutionary biologists to describe evolutionary processes. It is also used to model how a business should grow. In the above game, what is the Nash equilibrium in pure strategies and mixed strategies.?

Assume the cost of producing the goods is zero and that each consumer will purchase each good as long as the price is less than or equal to value. Consumer values are the entries in the table.

	Good 1	Good 2
Consumer A	$2,300	$1,700
Consumer B	$2,800	$1,200

13. Suppose the monopolist only sold the goods separately. What price will the monopolist charge for good 1 to maximize revenues for good 1?

a. $2,300

b. $2,800

c. $1,200

d. $1,700

14. What is the total profit to the monopolist from selling the goods separately?

a. $4,500

b. $6,300

c. $7,000

d. $6,000

15. What is a better pricing strategy for the monopolist? At this price, what are the total profits to the monopolist?

a. Bundle the goods at $2,800; Profits = $5,600

b. Bundle the goods at $4,000; Profits = $8,000

c. Charge $2,800 for good 1 and charge $1,700 for good 2; Profits = $4,500

d. Charging the lowest price for each good individually is the best pricing strategy; Profits = $7,000

16. The prisoners' dilemma is an example of

a. a sequential game.

b. a simultaneous game.

c.a shirking game.

d. a dating game

17. Nash equilibrium

a. is where one player maximizes his payoff, and the other doesn't.

b. is where each player maximizes his own payoff given the action of the other player.

c.is where both players are maximizing their total payoff.

d. is a unique prediction of the likely outcome of a game.

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POPM 3240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Sensitivity And Specificity, Theoretical Definition, Mucus

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