PSYC 3100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Mutual Assured Destruction, Cod Fisheries, Inclusive Fitness

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Groups of individuals can achieve things that individuals cannot. Competition between individuals for mates, food, other resources. Under natural selection, sociality can evolve if the benefits outweigh the costs. If parental care is provided by females, the energy costs to care exceed those providable by a single female. For primates, it is essential to their evolution: reduction of predation risk. Division of labour: scanning for predators alternating with feeding: shared foraging. May be small if food is scarce, larger if they are plentiful (or patchy: territorial protection. The main source of danger for many animals is competition among conspecifics. Hunting only marginally increases with group size, but the ability to defend against rivals, and take over rival groups, increases significantly. Female lions increase reproductive success and suffer fewer attacks when group size is large. The relationship between rival groups of conspecifics, outside humans, are almost always antagonistic. Predation increased with the transition from nocturnal to diurnal foraging.

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