BIOL 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Blastocyst, Mutation, Cell Membrane
2 Jul 2018
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!!Tuesday, March 20, 2018
BIOL 1000- GENETICS
11.1 PROTEINS INTERACTING WITH DNA TURN PROKARYOTIC GENES OM OR
OFF IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES:
Gene Expression: the overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to pro-
teins which is from genotype to phenotype. Gene Regulation: the turning on and off of genes,
can help organisms respond to environmental changes.
The lifetime of mRNA molecule helps determine how much protein is made, as do factors in-
volved in translation. A protein may need to be activated in some way, and eventually the cell
will break it down.
Only 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins. (this is also true of many other multicellu-
lar eukaryotes). Another small fraction of DNA consists of genes for ribosomal RNA and trans-
fer RNA.
Gene expression can be regulated multiple ways within both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
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!!Tuesday, March 20, 2018
A series of RNA’s and proteins produced in the embryo control the development of an animal
from a fertilized egg.
Homeotic Gene: is a master control gene that regulates groups of other genes that determine
the anatomy of parts of the body, such as which body parts will develop where in a fly.
11.2 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS CONVERT MESSAGES RECEIVED AT
THE CELL SURFACE TO RESPONSES WITHIN THE CELL:
Cell to Cell signalling coordinates cellular activities via proteins or other kinds of molecules,
carrying messages from signalling cells to receiving cells.
1. In most cases, a signalling molecule acts as a binding to a receptor protein in the plasma
membrane.
2. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY: is a series of molecular changes that converts a
signal on a target cell’s surface to a specific response inside the cell.
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11.3 PLANT CLONING SHOWS THAT DIFFERENTIATED CELLS MAY RETAIN ALL
OF THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL:
Clone: an individual organism created by asexual reproduction and thus genetically identical
to a single parent.
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Document Summary
11. 1 proteins interacting with dna turn prokaryotic genes om or. Gene expression: the overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to pro- teins which is from genotype to phenotype. Gene regulation: the turning on and off of genes, can help organisms respond to environmental changes. The lifetime of mrna molecule helps determine how much protein is made, as do factors in- volved in translation. A protein may need to be activated in some way, and eventually the cell will break it down. Only 1. 5% of the human genome codes for proteins. (this is also true of many other multicellu- lar eukaryotes). Another small fraction of dna consists of genes for ribosomal rna and trans- fer rna. Gene expression can be regulated multiple ways within both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. A series of rna"s and proteins produced in the embryo control the development of an animal from a fertilized egg.
