CHEM 1300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Refueling And Overhaul, Boiling Point, Substituent
26 Jun 2018
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Lecture 15
Functional Groups
●Hydrocarbons:
oPrefix:
▪Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
oAliphatic:
▪Alkane – single bond (end in “ane”)
▪Alkene – double bond (end in “ene”)
▪Alkyne – triple bond (end in “yne”)
oAlicyclic:
▪Benzene (Phenols)
▪“cyclo”
●Substituents – “Phenyl” groups
oHaloalkalines/alkali hallides
●Including oxygen:
oHydroxyl -OH (“ol”)
oCarbonyl -CO
oCarboxylic acid -COOH (ending in “oic acid”)
oEster R-CO-O-R’ (ending in “ate”)
oEther R-O-R (ending in “ether”)
oKetone R-CO-R (ending in “one”)
oAldehyde R-COH
●Including Nitrogen:
oAmide – R-CO-NH-R’ (“yl” or “amide”)
oAmide – R-NH2 (ends in “amine”)
oAzo
oNitro
Hydrocarbon Generalities
●Alkane: saturated with hydrogens
oLonger
oGreater molecular weight (more dispersion forces)
oHigher boiling point
oBranching:
▪Kinks in the chain
▪Less polarizable
▪Lower boiling point
▪Substituent instead of a Hydrogen can exist
●Alkene: unsaturated with hydrogens
oAt least 1 double bond
oLinear shape
oHigher boiling point
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Document Summary
Substituents phenyl groups: haloalkalines/alkali hallides. Including oxygen: hydroxyl -oh ( ol , carbonyl -co, carboxylic acid -cooh (ending in oic acid , ester r-co-o-r" (ending in ate , ether r-o-r (ending in ether , ketone r-co-r (ending in one , aldehyde r-coh. Including nitrogen: amide r-co-nh-r" ( yl or amide , amide r-nh2 (ends in amine , azo, nitro. Alkane: saturated with hydrogens: longer, greater molecular weight (more dispersion forces, higher boiling point, branching, kinks in the chain, less polarizable, lower boiling point, substituent instead of a hydrogen can exist. Alkene: unsaturated with hydrogens: at least 1 double bond, linear shape, higher boiling point, olefins and aromatics, hydrogenated alkenes can become trans fats, note cis vs. trans construction. Alkyne: unsasturasted: at least one triple bond, highest boiling point, hydrogenation will take away pi bonds, generally will have isomers, non-bonding electrons.
