PSYC 2290 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Corpus Callosum, Ossification, Social Environment

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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Chapter 4 Physical Development
4.1 Physical Growth
Motor Development
Gross (control of big muscle, e.g. standing) muscular develop before fine(smaller muscle, e.g.
reaching, grasping) motor development
Cephalocaudal(head to toe)
Proximodistal(inside) pattern:
- the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the
body outwards.
- When referring to motor development, the proximodistal trend refers to the development
of motor skills from the center of the body outwards.
Children’s body parts develop in different rates; the head and trunk grow faster than the legs.
Dynamic system theory of motor development – mastery of motor skills involves acquiring
increasingly complex system of action (developed one skill always impact other developed skill)
Each new skill is a product of
- Central nervous system development
- The body’s capacity for movement
- The goal the child has in mind
- Environmental supports for the skill (parent say “come here to me”)
Reaching
Pre-reaching, uncoordinated movement
7 weeks eye movement improve  able to see hand
3-4 months coordination improves
5-6 months reaching controlled by proprioception– a sense of movement and location in space
 learn navigate hand; brain know where their hand are
Ulnar(love big toys) and pincer(pick tiny things) grasp
Body Size
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Phase1: height grows quickly in the 1st year
Phase2: 2 years of age child will gain 15 cm and 2.7 kg a year until adolescence
Phase3: growth spurt in adolescence where up to 15cm a year can be added
Body shape changes
Growth Curves
Distance curves – pots the average size a sample of children at each age, indicating typical yearly
progresses
Velocity curve – plots average amount of growth at each year interval showing time of growth
Muscle, Fat and Bones
Muscle
Muscles become longer and thicker and have higher muscle to water content
In adolescence there is an increase(acceleration) in muscle – more so in boys
Fats
Fat helps the fetus and infant regulate body temperature
Fat growth peaks about 1 year of age and then declines until 6 to 7 and then increase until
adolescence
Increase in fat in adolescence is more pronounced in girls than in boys
Bones
Bone begins from during prenatal development, starting as cartilage, a soft and flexible tissue.
Turn to bone during embryonic period. The part that not turned to bone until birth called
epiphyses
Ossification occurs gradually throughout adolescence; Epiphyses disappear with age
Fewer bone in hands, wrists, ankle and feet in children
Children’s bones are softer and have a higher water content than adult bones
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Bones in skull fuse with age as fontanels are filled in by bone
Secular Growth Trends
Secular Growth Trends: changes in physical development from one generation to the next
*remember that normal and average are not the same
Changes due to better nutrition and health
Lately the gains in weight have slowed
Timing of puberty had decline from 1900
Children have a faster rate of physical development
Lately earlier age of 1st menstruation has reserved a bit
Mechanism of Physical Growth
Genes affect body’s sensitivity and production of hormones
Sleep
- Children sleep less with age
- about 80 % if the hormone(growth hormone) that stimulates growth, is secreted while
children and adolescents asleep and triggers the release of somatomedin
- Sleep associated with concentration, behavior, obesity, and psychological problem.
- Children having later bed time  overweight due to instruction in hormone/ create hungry
feeling.
Nutrition
Babies have twice the energy needs that adults do
40% of babies calorie intake goes toward growth
Human milk
- contains the proper amounts of carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, and minerals for
babies.
- Contains antibodies that kill bacteria and viruses
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Document Summary

Gross (control of big muscle, e. g. standing) muscular develop before fine(smaller muscle, e. g. Gross (control of big muscle, e. g. standing) muscular develop before fine(smaller muscle, e. g. reaching, grasping) motor development. Proximodistal(inside) pattern: the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards. When referring to motor development, the proximodistal trend refers to the development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards. Children"s body parts develop in different rates; the head and trunk grow faster than the legs. Dynamic system theory of motor development mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex system of action (developed one skill always impact other developed skill) Environmental supports for the skill (parent say come here to me ) 7 weeks eye movement improve able to see hand. 5-6 months reaching controlled by proprioception a sense of movement and location in space. Learn navigate hand; brain know where their hand are.

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