PSYC 2290 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Phenylalanine, Genetic Counseling, Egg Cell
26 Jun 2018
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Chapter2 Genetic Bases of child Development
2.1 Mechanisms of Heredity
Reproductive Technology
Fertility drugs: increase chance of fertilization more fraternal twin
Artificial insemination (in vivo fertilization)
-deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's uterus or cervix
- max chance
Out vitro fertilization (1/3 successful):
- mixing sperm and eggs in a laboratory put(might be a few of those) in the mother’s uterus
- more likely to have twins or triplets
- at risk at low weight baby or birth defects
- expensive
Surrogate mothers: carried child for another couple (sometimes use father’s sperm); contain
many legal problems
Restriction of reproduction technology
Chromosomes
46 chromosomes(23 pairs) in each cell
Autosomes (first 22 pairs of chromosomes)
- In each pair the chromosomes remain about the same size
Allosome (the 23rd pair of chromosome)
- X is much larger than Y
- Determine the sex of child, happen early in conception
Gametes have 23 chromosomes
- Produced by Meiosis: (1x2)/4 = half
- An egg always contains X; sperm contains either X or Y
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PSYC 2290 Child Development
Each chromosome consists one molecule of DNA
DNA
Strands of DNA are held together by 4 nucleotide bases
- Adenine/ thymine
- Guanine/ cytosine
Mitosis- cellular division (A, T, G, C)
Each chromosome contains 1 DNA molecule; DNA composed of genes; group of nucleotide
bases determine gene
Genes
Genes: nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instruction
- E.g. 3 consecutive thymine nucleotides give the instruction to create the amino acid
phenylalanine.
- Exert influence by sending the cytoplasm in the cell body a variety of proteins that the
trigger chemical reactions that develop into characteristic
A child’s chromosomes include about 25000 genes. Chromosome 1 has the most genes and Y
contains the fewest.
Less than 1% of genes cause differences between people.
Gene Inheritance
Alleles: genes come in different forms that are known as alleles.
- In a red blood cell, one of two alleles can be present on chromosome11. One allele has
instructions for normal red blood cells; the other one has instructions for sickle-shaped red
blood cells.
Homozygous alleles: when 2 of the alleles are same
Heterozygous alleles: when 2 of the alleles are different
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Fertility drugs: increase chance of fertilization more fraternal twin. Artificial insemination (in vivo fertilization) deliberate introduction of sperm into a female"s uterus or cervix. Mixing sperm and eggs in a laboratory put(might be a few of those) in the mother"s uterus. More likely to have twins or triplets at risk at low weight baby or birth defects expensive. Surrogate mothers: carried child for another couple (sometimes use father"s sperm); contain many legal problems. In each pair the chromosomes remain about the same size. Determine the sex of child, happen early in conception. An egg always contains x; sperm contains either x or y. Strands of dna are held together by 4 nucleotide bases. Mitosis- cellular division (a, t, g, c) Each chromosome contains 1 dna molecule; dna composed of genes; group of nucleotide bases determine gene. Genes: nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instruction. 3 consecutive thymine nucleotides give the instruction to create the amino acid phenylalanine.
