ARCH 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 29: Coprolite, Patrilocal Residence, Shanidar Cave
27 Jun 2018
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*The second midterm will include material from this point on*
The Neandertals
First discovered in the 1850s
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Named after where it was found, Neander valley
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At least 500 found
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Neandertals never present in Africa (mostly in Europe)
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Evolved from Homo heidelbergensis
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Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
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Geographic and Temporal Distribution of Neandertals
Present in Europe and the Middle East. Majority of sites are in
Europe.
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Their roots in Europe date to over 300,000 years ago
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"Classic" Neandertals date 130,000 - 30,000 years ago.
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Overlap of about 10,000 Neandertals and anatomically modern
humans (living together)
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Evidence of cross-breeding between the two
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La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
Discovered in 1908
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Pathological skeleton
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Based on this discovery M. Boule (Marcelin Boule) interpreted
Neandertals as brutish and dim witted with a stooped over
appearance and shuffling walk.
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Why many people believed Neandertals as being 'ape-like'
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About 40 years old when died, neck vertebrate was deformed
because of arthritis
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Sever dental decay/tooth loss
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But had a cranial capacity of 1625 cubic cm
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Discussion of Neandertal Physical Characteristics
Cranial capacity is about the same as a modern human (1300-1600
cc--avg. 1480)
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Skull is low and long
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Occipital torus (bun)
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Really large supraorbital torus (big brow ridges--double-arched brow
ridges)
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High, wide and large nose
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Inflated cheeks ( no canine fossa)
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Large, shovel-shaped incisors
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No chin**
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Musculoskeletal hypertrophy--Neandertals are very powerfully
built--more robust
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Males 5'5", females 5'
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Have a body of cold-adapted population--larger brain
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Allen's Rule, Bergmann's rule -- longer slender (Bergmann's--larger
stocky, shorter colder climates)&&(Allen's -- longer )
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Neandertals die at younger ages
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Brocas, wernicke's, FOX P2 (parts of the brain for speech) are as
large as modern humans -- indicates they could have talked
Genome -- FOX P2 (part of the brain for speech as well) --
similar to humans FOX P2
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Some Significant Neandertal sites
La Ferrassie, France
Dates 50,000 years ago
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Male, female and 5 juveniles were recovered
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This site clear evidence of intentional burial -- we don’t see
ritual though
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Shanidar Cave, Iraq
Dates 50,000 years ago
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Neandertal burial with colourful flower pollen -- taken from
soil
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See clear evidence of burial
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Found an older man w/ an amputated arm (lived with for many
years)
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Was blind in one eye -- more compassionate behaviour (taking
care of each other)
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Kebara Cave, Israel
Dates 60,000 years ago
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Well preserved skeleton
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Includes preserved hyoid bone -- upper body
Anchors the muscles for speech□
Identical to modern human□
May have the ability to speak□
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Moula Geurcy, France
Dates approximately 100,000 years ago
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Fossil evidence suggests cannibalism
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78 hominin bones -- there were cut marks on the bones
indicating the scraping of their 'meat' -- skulls were smashed
open
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Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistan
Dates about 70,000 years ago (intentional burial-- was
disturbed of chewing on the bones)
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One of the Eastern most Neandertal sites*
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Neandertal burial
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Coprolite -- fossilized feces from hyena
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El Sidrón, Spain
Dates 44,000 years ago
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12 or 13 individuals, evidence of cannibalism
Bones cracked open, skull cracked open□
Bone had scratch marks□
They were malnourished□
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Two of the kids were related as well
About 3-4 years apart
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DNA recovered from site
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Evidence of patrilocality
All adult males shared a single mitochondrial DNA
(brother's or related)
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Found inside in a cave--they didn’t live in the cave--they fell
through ground into cave
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The Neandertals (pg. 146-158)
Monday, October 2, 2017
11:16 AM
Document Summary
*the second midterm will include material from this point on* Named after where it was found, neander valley. Neandertals never present in africa (mostly in europe) Their roots in europe date to over 300,000 years ago. classic neandertals date 130,000 - 30,000 years ago. Overlap of about 10,000 neandertals and anatomically modern humans (living together) Based on this discovery m. boule (marcelin boule) interpreted. Neandertals as brutish and dim witted with a stooped over appearance and shuffling walk. Why many people believed neandertals as being "ape-like" About 40 years old when died, neck vertebrate was deformed because of arthritis. But had a cranial capacity of 1625 cubic cm. Cranial capacity is about the same as a modern human (1300-1600 cc--avg. Really large supraorbital torus (big brow ridges--double-arched brow ridges) Allen"s rule, bergmann"s rule -- longer slender (bergmann"s--larger stocky, shorter colder climates)&&(allen"s -- longer )
