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CHEM 115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Criminal Appeal Reports, Continuing Legal Education, Rupert Cross

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17 Mar 2018

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Ahiahonu Pearson

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First, they will have to decide whether the defence of duress is open to the accused (i. e. , has the crown proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused was a principal or co-principal). Unless the crown negates at least one of the requirements of the defence of duress then the accused is excused from liability and is acquitted. That is what the law is (see prof gerry a ferguson & mr justice michael r dambrot, canadian. Criminal jury instructions, 4th ed (vancouver: continuing legal education society of british. Columbia, 2005) vol 2 (loose-leaf update 2015) at paras 8. 20. 3-8. 20. 20). Howe et al (1986), 83 cr app r 28 (ca (eng)) at 33). [138] the trial judge came to the conclusion that murdering an innocent person can never satisfy the proportionality requirement of moral involuntariness. In aravena, in consideration of the common law defence of duress in relation to a party charged with murder, the ontario court of.

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Related Questions

Wear safety glasses or goggles and suitable protective gloves while performing the experiments. Do not allow any of the chemicals used in this experiment t income in contact with your skin. If they do, immediately wash the affected areas with soap and water. Diethyl either is extremely volatile and flammable. Be certain there are no lames in your vicinity when using it for extraction and when removing it from the "Neutral Compound." Use caution in handingling wet glassware, because it can easily slip out of your grasp. When extracting a solution, vent the separatory funnel or vial often to avoid a buildup of pressure. Extract the clove oil from the distillate (saved on day 1) with two 20-mL portions of dichloromethane and combine the extracts. To do this...place the contents of the graduated cylinder and 20mL of dichloromethane in a closed separatory funnel. Cap the top with a glass stopper. Shake the contents to mix the layers then vent. Repeat the shaking/venting process 4-5 times. Allow the layers to separate. Drain the lower organic layer into a beaker. Add 20 mL of fresh dichloromethane to the separatory funnel then repeat the process. The two lower layers can be combined. In this extraction, the lower layer is the organic layer. The position of the layers depends on the densities of the two liquids involved. Because dichloromethane is halogenated, it has a density greater than 1, which makes it sink when combined with an aqueous solution having a density of about 1. You will need to be aware of the densities of liquids involved in later extractions to be able to track the layers. Extract the major component of clove oil from the dichloromethane solution obtained from the above extraction with two 15-mL portions of 1M sodium hydroxide (watch layers and think about what needs to be combined to get two layers in the separatory funnel). While monitoring with blue litmus paper, acidify the aqueous solution with 10 mL or more of 3M hydrochloric acid. Extract this aqueous solution with two 15-mL portions of dichloromethane and combine the organic extracts. Dry the dichloromethane solution from the previous paragraph with magnesium sulfate. Add small portions of magnesium sulfate to the dichloromethane solution. Magnesium sulfate clumps together as it picks up water from the solution. You have added enough when some of the magnesium sulfate is still freely moving in the dichloromethane solution. Adding too much will trap your product in the magnesium sulfate. Adding too little will leave large water impurities which we do not want for the IR at the end of lab. Carefully evaporate the dichloromethane using a pre-weighed flask on the rotavap (or by using a vacuum apparatus consisting of a pre-weighed, stoppered 50-mL filter flask heated on the lowest setting and a water trap cooled in an ice bath). When the boiling stops and the volume remains constant, weigh the product. Do not evaporate too much. Remember the product is volatile! Take your product and a clean and dry pipet to 346 to carry out the IR analysis, you may want to bring your graded pre-lab as well. You will be assisted in taking your IR, however, you will be expected to have a working knowledge next time. Pay attention! Mark the peaks that are given in your pre-lab list. Interpret your IR spectrum to prove the identity of the major component. You should be able to label enough peaks to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt what the main component is in your isolated clove oil. Draw a flowchart, similar lo the one on p. 163, to illustrate the extraction process (Day 2) for distillate to isolated major component. The start of the flowchart is given below. Based on the structures given on page 1, prepare a list of peaks to look for in the IR. Include the bond type and wavenumber. List two uses of an extraction in organic chemistry.

7.
Calculate the percentage, by mass, of fluorine in sulfurhexafluoride (SF6), a potent greenhouse gas.
A) 78.0%
B) 59.2%
C) 22.0%
D) 82.1%
E) 85.7%

8.
Octane (C8H18) is one of the principal components of gasoline. Howmany moles of CO2 are produced during the combustion of 3.0 mol ofoctane?
Unbalanced equation: C8H18 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
A) 3.0
B) 26
C) 24
D) 8.0
E) 4

9.
How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd)atoms?
A) 6.23 x 1021
B) 2.26 x 1023
C) 6.02 x 1023
D) 1.61 x 1024
E) 2.12 x 1021

10.
How many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen (H2)gas?
A) 6.0 x 1023
B) 3.0 x 1026
C) 6.0 x 1026
D) 3.0 x 1023
E) 1.7 x 1025

11.
What evidence indicates that the rising atmospheric CO2 levels arecaused by the combustion of fossil fuels?
A) Both the average global temperature and the atmospheric CO2level have risen.
B) The 14C/12C ratio in atmospheric CO2 is unusually low.
C) Increased precipitation in most of the NorthernHemisphere.
D) The 18O/16O ratio in atmospheric CO2 is the same as inatmospheric oxygen.
E) The level of atmospheric moisture has increased.

12.
Heat is a form of
A) Energy
B) Pressure
C) Work
D) Volume
E) Temperature

13.
Oxygenated gasolines
A) Are gasolines that have oxygen gas bubbled through them
B) Contain nitrogen containing compounds
C) Are formulated to contain water
D) Have higher activation energies for combustion than regulargasolines.
E) May contain MTBE or ethanol

14.
A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is calleda/an ______ reaction.
A) exothermic
B) fast
C) activated
D) catalyzed
E) endothermic

15.
The diagram below shows a simplified version of a fractionatingcolumn used in the petroleum industry.

The compounds with the lowest boiling points are condensed atposition

A) C.
B) D.
C) B.
D) A.

16.
Where is most of the carbon on earth stored?
A) in the form of fossil fuels
B) in the deep ocean
C) in the atmosphere
D) in surface water
E) in the forests and soil

17.
Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O.
A) 22.1 g/mol
B) 26.0 g/mol
C) 46.07 g/mol
D) 45.06 g/mol
E) 29.02 g/mol

18.
Determine the shape or geometry of PH3. (Hint: Use the PeriodicTable to arrive at the electron configuration forphosphorous.)
A) trigonal planar
B) linear
C) trigonal pyramidal
D) bent
E) tetrahedral

19.
The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a formof ______ energy.
A) nuclear
B) potential
C) mechanical
D) kinetic
E) electrical

20.
The heat of combustion of methane, CH4, is 50.1 kJ/g. How much heatwould be generated if 1.00 mol of methane undergoes completecombustion?
A) 50.1 kJ
B) 804 kJ
C) 601 kJ
D) 0.32 kJ
E) 3.12 kJ

21.
Methane is approximately 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxideas a greenhouse gas. Which are significant sources of methaneemissions?
I. The digestive systems of ruminants (cows, sheep, etc.)
II. Automobile exhaust
III. Rice cultivation
IV. Decaying wetland vegetation
A) I and II only
B) I only
C) All of these
D) II only
E) I, III, and IV only

22.
Which atmospheric component does not contribute to globalwarming?
A) CH4
B) CO2
C) CFC
D) N2
E) H2O

23.
What is the effect of infrared energy on matter?
A) It breaks chemical bonds.
B) It excites bonding electrons.
C) It increases molecular rotation.
D) It increases the vibration of chemical bonds.
E) It excites non-bonding electrons.

24.
According to current estimates, the fuel in greatest abundance onearth is
A) natural gas.
B) hydrogen
C) uranium.
D) coal.
E) petroleum.

25.
A gasoline's octane rating is a measure of the
A) purity of the gasoline.
B) energy content of the gasoline.
C) percent of gasoline that contains octane
D) pollutants produced by burning the gasoline in a vehicle'sengine.
E) gasoline's resistance to causing knocking in a vehicle'sengine.

26.
Advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanicalto a car's engine will allow it to recover 100% of the energy thatcomes from burning gasoline. You should be skeptical of such claimsbecause they are not consistent with the
A) first law of thermodynamics.
B) energy difference between reactants and products
C) second law of thermodynamics.
D) law of conservation of matter.
E) activation energy requirements of all chemical reactions.

27.
In order to make useful predictions, which factors must beaccounted for by climatic models?
I. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols
II. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover
III. Change in land use
IV. Combustion of fossil fuels
A) III and IV only
B) II, III, and IV
C) II and III only
D) I, II, III, and IV
E) IV only

28.
Use the equation to help you calculate the heat of combustion ofethylene, C2H4. The bond energies are: C H 416 kJ/mol; C C 598kJ/mol; O O 498 kJ/mol; C O 803 kJ/mol; H O 467 kJ/mol.

The heat of combustion of ethylene is

A) 1216 kJ/mol.
B) 220 kJ/mol.
C) 1324 kJ/mol.
D) 754 kJ/mol.
E) 242 kJ/mol.

29.
Scientists believe they know the average global temperature overthe last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples fromAntarctica provides this information?
A) the 1H/2H ratio
B) the density of the ice
C) the thickness
D) the temperature
E) the carbon dioxide concentration

30.
(Both the Clinton) and the George W. Bush administrations have beenunwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. What has been a stated reasonfor their objection to the treaty?
A) Enforcement of the treaty will be impossible.
B) Lack of conclusive evidence that increased atmospheric CO2 leadsto global warming.
C) The target emission levels are not sufficiently low to affectthe greenhouse effect.
D) The treaty does not include a provision for trading emissionallowances.
E) Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gasemissions.