GEOG 130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Primate City, Walkability, Edward Ullman
Urban Systems
Urban nature and concept
Urbanized area
A continuously built-up landscape
§
Defined by building and population densities (not political
boundaries)
§
May include a central city with town, suburbs, etc.
§
○
1)
Urban
No single definition of what constitutes "urban"
§
United states: area > 2,500 people = "urban"
§
Statistics Canada: >1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons/km2 =
"urban"
§
United nations : settlements >20,000 = "urban"
§
○
Urbanization: the process through which the proportion of the
population living in cities increases
1880: 5% of total global population lived in urban areas
□
1997: 43% of total global populations lived in areas
□
2025: projected 61%
□
§
!"#"$"% &'()*"+,'#%-./001% 234"#%-51%
!"#$% &'()&*+% &,-%
./0% '(1)21(% (3-%
!4% ,2')323% &3-%
!5% 3&')'3'% &*-%
.6% 3),1*)11'% 7'-%
8!% '2)7&')72'% 7+-%
95% ')217)2+7% 32-%
4:% ')1**)*7'% +3-%
;5% *)+(&)2&3% 7*-%
5<% ()(11)1&3% 7+-%
=>% **)7,3% +'-%
!?>@ABCDE%!FG% 3*)*+7% &(-%
!F% *'),1+% (7-%
Megacities
Metropolitan area
Large scale functional entity
§
May contain several urban areas
§
○
Megacity: metropolitan area with a total population in excess in 10 million
○
2)
Top
Megacities by
Population
Rank City/Metropolitan
Area
Country Population
1. Tokyo–Yokohama Japan 37,843,000
2. Jakarta Indonesia 30,539,000
3. Delhi India 24,998,000
4. Manila (Metro
Manila)
Philippines 24,123,000
5. Seoul–Gyeonggi–
Incheon (Sudogwon)
South Korea 23,480,000
6. Shanghai China 23,416,000
7. Karachi Pakistan 22,123,000
8. Beijing China 21,009,000
9. New York City United States
of America
20,630,000
10. Guangzhou–Foshan
(Guangfo)
China 20,597,000
.... ... ... ...
53. Toronto Canada 6,456,000
not a ‘megacity’
Primate City
Geographer Mark Jefferson (1939): a primate city is "at least twice as
large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant"
A country's leading city economically, culturally, historically,
and politically
□
Much larger than other cities in wealth, population (at least
2X), and political power
□
Dominates the population, political and economic landscape□
§
○
Worlds largest primate cities are in LDCs
E.g., Lagos, Nigeria; Jakarta, Indonesia
®
Conurbations
Large metropolitan complexes, bounded together at their outer
margins (e.g., agglomerations)
§
The 5 largest Urban 'Conurbations' Ranked by populations size (in
millions)
§
Rank City Country Population
(millions)
1960
1. New York US 14.2
2. Tokyo Japan 11.0
3. London UK 9.1
4. Shanghai China 8.8
5. Paris France 7.2
2015
1. Tokyo Japan 28.7
2. ‘Bombay’ (Mumbai) India 27.4
3. Lagos Nigeria 24.4
4. Shanghai China 23.4
5. Jakarta Indonesia 21.2
○
Models of urban land use
A model is an ideal representation, abstraction, or simulation of reality -
designed to simplify real-world complexity
○
Concentric Zone Model
Developed by Ernest Burgess, a sociologist, in the 1920s
§
Based on Chicago, Illinois
§
○
3)
Burgess Concentric Zone Model
§
Five concentric functional zones:
Central Business District 1)
Zone of transition 2)
Zone of independent worker' homes3)
Zone of better residences4)
Commuter' zone5)
§
Sector Model
Developed by Homer Hoyt (late 1930s)
§
Based on analysis of 142 cities
§
Proposed that urban growth occurs in the form of pie-shaped zones,
not concentric rings
§
The growth of each sector depends on factors such as major
roadways, railway lines, attractive scenery, etc.
§
○
Hoyt Sector Model
§
Multiple Nuclei Model
Developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman (1940s)
§
They argued that cities don’t just grow around a single node, but
around two or more
§
○
Problems of the modern city
Megalopolises
Multi centered improvements
Transportation improvements □
Megalopolis
Chi-Pitts
®
Bosynywash
®
□
Freeway culture□
§
a.
Suburbanization: sprawl and 'leap frog' development
E.g., the population in the core municipality is growing more slowly
than in the areas around it
"Donut effect"□
§
b.
4)
Saskatoon
The population of the core municipality increased 1.6%
between 1996 and 2001
®
Other municipalities around this core increased 14.6%
®
□
Regina
The population of the core municipality declined 1.2%
®
Municipalities surrounding it incurred a 10% increase
®
□
Edge cities:
Suburban nodes of employment and economic activity
featuring high-rise office space, corporate headquarters,
shopping, entertainment, and hotels.
Their physical layout is designed for automobile, not
pedestrian, travel
®
□
§
Leapfrog development:
Urban development well beyond the urban fringe, separated
from the urban fringe by rural land
□
§
Gentrification
'resettlement' in the CBD and inner city residential areas
§
Inner city neighborhoods are being redeveloped by higher-income
residents
§
Poor and working-class neighborhoods in the inner city are
refurbished by an influx of middle-class homebuyers and renters
§
Slowly displacing the lower-income residents as property values and
taxes increase
§
Riverdale
§
Impact of gentrification on real estate values?
increase□
§
c.
Rise of the suburban 'super' markets
E.g., big box stores
Out-compete inner city neighborhood stores = decline in city
core business
□
§
d.
Urban responses…
§
New urbanism:
A movement to make cities more livable and foster a greater
sense of community by designing compact, pedestrian-friendly
neighborhoods with sidewalks, front porches, and a larger
variety of housing types and land uses
□
§
Thursday, December 1, 2016
Audio 1
New Urbanism Principles for Sustainable
Communities
1. Walkability
2. Connectivity
3. Mixed-Use & Diversity
4. Mixed Housing
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
7. Increased Density
8. Green Transportation
9. Sustainability
10. Quality of Life
Urban Patterns and Structures (pg. 51 -91 )
Urban Systems
Urban nature and concept
Urbanized area
A continuously built-up landscape
§
Defined by building and population densities (not political
boundaries)
§
May include a central city with town, suburbs, etc.
§
○
1)
Urban
No single definition of what constitutes "urban"
§
United states: area > 2,500 people = "urban"
§
Statistics Canada: >1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons/km2 =
"urban"
§
United nations : settlements >20,000 = "urban"
§
○
Urbanization: the process through which the proportion of the
population living in cities increases
1880: 5% of total global population lived in urban areas□
1997: 43% of total global populations lived in areas□
2025: projected 61%□
§
!"#"$"%
&'()*"+,'#%-./001%
234"#%-51%
!"#$%
&'()&*+%
&,-%
./0%
'(1)21(%
(3-%
!4%
,2')323%
&3-%
!5%
3&')'3'%
&*-%
.6%
3),1*)11'%
7'-%
8!%
'2)7&')72'%
7+-%
95%
')217)2+7%
32-%
4:%
')1**)*7'%
+3-%
;5%
*)+(&)2&3%
7*-%
5<%
()(11)1&3%
7+-%
=>%
**)7,3%
+'-%
!?>@ABCDE%!FG%
3*)*+7%
&(-%
!F%
*'),1+%
(7-%
Megacities
Metropolitan area
Large scale functional entity
§
May contain several urban areas
§
○
Megacity: metropolitan area with a total population in excess in 10 million
○
2)
Top
Megacities by
Population
Rank
City/Metropolitan
Area
Country
Population
1. Tokyo–Yokohama Japan 37,843,000
2. Jakarta Indonesia 30,539,000
3. Delhi India 24,998,000
4. Manila (Metro
Manila)
Philippines 24,123,000
5. Seoul–Gyeonggi–
Incheon (Sudogwon)
South Korea 23,480,000
6. Shanghai China 23,416,000
7. Karachi Pakistan 22,123,000
8. Beijing China 21,009,000
9. New York City United States
of America
20,630,000
10. Guangzhou–Foshan
(Guangfo)
China 20,597,000
.... ... ... ...
53. Toronto Canada 6,456,000
not a ‘megacity’
Primate City
Geographer Mark Jefferson (1939): a primate city is "at least twice as
large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant"
A country's leading city economically, culturally, historically,
and politically
□
Much larger than other cities in wealth, population (at least
2X), and political power
□
Dominates the population, political and economic landscape□
§
○
Worlds largest primate cities are in LDCs
E.g., Lagos, Nigeria; Jakarta, Indonesia
®
Conurbations
Large metropolitan complexes, bounded together at their outer
margins (e.g., agglomerations)
§
The 5 largest Urban 'Conurbations' Ranked by populations size (in
millions)
§
Rank City Country Population
(millions)
1960
1. New York US 14.2
2. Tokyo Japan 11.0
3. London UK 9.1
4. Shanghai China 8.8
5. Paris France 7.2
2015
1. Tokyo Japan 28.7
2. ‘Bombay’ (Mumbai) India 27.4
3. Lagos Nigeria 24.4
4. Shanghai China 23.4
5. Jakarta Indonesia 21.2
○
Models of urban land use
A model is an ideal representation, abstraction, or simulation of reality -
designed to simplify real-world complexity
○
Concentric Zone Model
Developed by Ernest Burgess, a sociologist, in the 1920s
§
Based on Chicago, Illinois
§
○
3)
Burgess Concentric Zone Model
§
Five concentric functional zones:
Central Business District 1)
Zone of transition 2)
Zone of independent worker' homes3)
Zone of better residences4)
Commuter' zone5)
§
Sector Model
Developed by Homer Hoyt (late 1930s)
§
Based on analysis of 142 cities
§
Proposed that urban growth occurs in the form of pie-shaped zones,
not concentric rings
§
The growth of each sector depends on factors such as major
roadways, railway lines, attractive scenery, etc.
§
○
Hoyt Sector Model
§
Multiple Nuclei Model
Developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman (1940s)
§
They argued that cities don’t just grow around a single node, but
around two or more
§
○
Problems of the modern city
Megalopolises
Multi centered improvements
Transportation improvements □
Megalopolis
Chi-Pitts
®
Bosynywash
®
□
Freeway culture□
§
a.
Suburbanization: sprawl and 'leap frog' development
E.g., the population in the core municipality is growing more slowly
than in the areas around it
"Donut effect"□
§
b.
4)
Saskatoon
The population of the core municipality increased 1.6%
between 1996 and 2001
®
Other municipalities around this core increased 14.6%
®
□
Regina
The population of the core municipality declined 1.2%
®
Municipalities surrounding it incurred a 10% increase
®
□
Edge cities:
Suburban nodes of employment and economic activity
featuring high-rise office space, corporate headquarters,
shopping, entertainment, and hotels.
Their physical layout is designed for automobile, not
pedestrian, travel
®
□
§
Leapfrog development:
Urban development well beyond the urban fringe, separated
from the urban fringe by rural land
□
§
Gentrification
'resettlement' in the CBD and inner city residential areas
§
Inner city neighborhoods are being redeveloped by higher-income
residents
§
Poor and working-class neighborhoods in the inner city are
refurbished by an influx of middle-class homebuyers and renters
§
Slowly displacing the lower-income residents as property values and
taxes increase
§
Riverdale
§
Impact of gentrification on real estate values?
increase□
§
c.
Rise of the suburban 'super' markets
E.g., big box stores
Out-compete inner city neighborhood stores = decline in city
core business
□
§
d.
Urban responses…
§
New urbanism:
A movement to make cities more livable and foster a greater
sense of community by designing compact, pedestrian-friendly
neighborhoods with sidewalks, front porches, and a larger
variety of housing types and land uses
□
§
Thursday, December 1, 2016
Audio 1
New Urbanism Principles for Sustainable
Communities
1. Walkability
2. Connectivity
3. Mixed-Use & Diversity
4. Mixed Housing
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
7. Increased Density
8. Green Transportation
9. Sustainability
10. Quality of Life
Urban Patterns and Structures (pg. 51 -91 )
Urban Systems
Urban nature and concept
Urbanized area
A continuously built-up landscape
§
Defined by building and population densities (not political
boundaries)
§
May include a central city with town, suburbs, etc.
§
○
1)
Urban
No single definition of what constitutes "urban"
§
United states: area > 2,500 people = "urban"
§
Statistics Canada: >1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons/km2 =
"urban"
§
United nations : settlements >20,000 = "urban"
§
○
Urbanization: the process through which the proportion of the
population living in cities increases
1880: 5% of total global population lived in urban areas□
1997: 43% of total global populations lived in areas□
2025: projected 61%□
§
!"#"$"% &'()*"+,'#%-./001% 234"#%-51%
!"#$% &'()&*+% &,-%
./0% '(1)21(% (3-%
!4% ,2')323% &3-%
!5% 3&')'3'% &*-%
.6% 3),1*)11'% 7'-%
8!% '2)7&')72'% 7+-%
95% ')217)2+7% 32-%
4:% ')1**)*7'% +3-%
;5% *)+(&)2&3% 7*-%
5<% ()(11)1&3% 7+-%
=>% **)7,3% +'-%
!?>@ABCDE%!FG% 3*)*+7% &(-%
!F% *'),1+% (7-%
Megacities
Metropolitan area
Large scale functional entity
§
May contain several urban areas
§
○
Megacity: metropolitan area with a total population in excess in 10 million
○
2)
Top
Megacities by
Population
Rank
City/Metropolitan
Area
Country
Population
1.
Tokyo–Yokohama
Japan
37,843,000
2.
Jakarta
Indonesia
30,539,000
3.
Delhi
India
24,998,000
4.
Manila (Metro
Manila)
Philippines
24,123,000
5.
Seoul–Gyeonggi–
Incheon (Sudogwon)
South Korea
23,480,000
6.
Shanghai
China
23,416,000
7.
Karachi
Pakistan
22,123,000
8.
Beijing
China
21,009,000
9.
New York City
United States
of America
20,630,000
10.
Guangzhou–Foshan
(Guangfo)
China
20,597,000
....
...
...
...
53.
Toronto
Canada
6,456,000
not a ‘megacity’
Primate City
Geographer Mark Jefferson (1939): a primate city is "at least twice as
large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant"
A country's leading city economically, culturally, historically,
and politically
□
Much larger than other cities in wealth, population (at least
2X), and political power
□
Dominates the population, political and economic landscape□
§
○
Worlds largest primate cities are in LDCs
E.g., Lagos, Nigeria; Jakarta, Indonesia
®
Conurbations
Large metropolitan complexes, bounded together at their outer
margins (e.g., agglomerations)
§
The 5 largest Urban 'Conurbations' Ranked by populations size (in
millions)
§
Rank City Country Population
(millions)
1960
1. New York US 14.2
2. Tokyo Japan 11.0
3. London UK 9.1
4. Shanghai China 8.8
5. Paris France 7.2
2015
1. Tokyo Japan 28.7
2. ‘Bombay’ (Mumbai) India 27.4
3. Lagos Nigeria 24.4
4. Shanghai China 23.4
5. Jakarta Indonesia 21.2
○
Models of urban land use
A model is an ideal representation, abstraction, or simulation of reality -
designed to simplify real-world complexity
○
Concentric Zone Model
Developed by Ernest Burgess, a sociologist, in the 1920s
§
Based on Chicago, Illinois
§
○
3)
Burgess Concentric Zone Model
§
Five concentric functional zones:
Central Business District 1)
Zone of transition 2)
Zone of independent worker' homes3)
Zone of better residences4)
Commuter' zone5)
§
Sector Model
Developed by Homer Hoyt (late 1930s)
§
Based on analysis of 142 cities
§
Proposed that urban growth occurs in the form of pie-shaped zones,
not concentric rings
§
The growth of each sector depends on factors such as major
roadways, railway lines, attractive scenery, etc.
§
○
Hoyt Sector Model
§
Multiple Nuclei Model
Developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman (1940s)
§
They argued that cities don’t just grow around a single node, but
around two or more
§
○
Problems of the modern city
Megalopolises
Multi centered improvements
Transportation improvements □
Megalopolis
Chi-Pitts
®
Bosynywash
®
□
Freeway culture□
§
a.
Suburbanization: sprawl and 'leap frog' development
E.g., the population in the core municipality is growing more slowly
than in the areas around it
"Donut effect"□
§
b.
4)
Saskatoon
The population of the core municipality increased 1.6%
between 1996 and 2001
®
Other municipalities around this core increased 14.6%
®
□
Regina
The population of the core municipality declined 1.2%
®
Municipalities surrounding it incurred a 10% increase
®
□
Edge cities:
Suburban nodes of employment and economic activity
featuring high-rise office space, corporate headquarters,
shopping, entertainment, and hotels.
Their physical layout is designed for automobile, not
pedestrian, travel
®
□
§
Leapfrog development:
Urban development well beyond the urban fringe, separated
from the urban fringe by rural land
□
§
Gentrification
'resettlement' in the CBD and inner city residential areas
§
Inner city neighborhoods are being redeveloped by higher-income
residents
§
Poor and working-class neighborhoods in the inner city are
refurbished by an influx of middle-class homebuyers and renters
§
Slowly displacing the lower-income residents as property values and
taxes increase
§
Riverdale
§
Impact of gentrification on real estate values?
increase□
§
c.
Rise of the suburban 'super' markets
E.g., big box stores
Out-compete inner city neighborhood stores = decline in city
core business
□
§
d.
Urban responses…
§
New urbanism:
A movement to make cities more livable and foster a greater
sense of community by designing compact, pedestrian-friendly
neighborhoods with sidewalks, front porches, and a larger
variety of housing types and land uses
□
§
Thursday, December 1, 2016
Audio 1
New Urbanism Principles for Sustainable
Communities
1. Walkability
2. Connectivity
3. Mixed-Use & Diversity
4. Mixed Housing
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
7. Increased Density
8. Green Transportation
9. Sustainability
10. Quality of Life
Urban Patterns and Structures (pg. 51 -91 )
Document Summary
Defined by building and population densities (not political boundaries) May include a central city with town, suburbs, etc. United states: area > 2,500 people = "urban" Statistics canada: >1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons/km2 = Urbanization: the process through which the proportion of the population living in cities increases. 1880: 5% of total global population lived in urban areas. 1997: 43% of total global populations lived in areas. Megacity: metropolitan area with a total population in excess in 10 million. Geographer mark jefferson (1939): a primate city is "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant" A country"s leading city economically, culturally, historically, and politically. Much larger than other cities in wealth, population (at least. Large metropolitan complexes, bounded together at their outer margins (e. g. , agglomerations) The 5 largest urban "conurbations" ranked by populations size (in millions)