KIN 231.3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Ethology, Sucker Punch, Observational Learning
Groups & Aggression KIN 231
MAR 27/29
Social Norms
- Rules that are understood and acted upon by group members without the force of laws
(Cialdini & Trost, 1998)
-Impact of norms on individual behaviour is meaningful and predictive
(Goldstein & Cialdini, 2007)
-Increases Physical Activity
Focus Theory of Normative Conduct
Descriptive Norm - "Doing"
(Sherif Experiment: Estimate of light movement in inches vs. Time of Testing)
Autokinetic effect (estimating how far the light was moving)
As the days progress, the estimates were more and more the same
Demonstrates how others effect us (descriptive norm in action)
Injunctive Norm - "Ought to be Doing"
"What should I be doing in this situation"
Feeling better…
(Ash Experiment: Given a reference line and having to match the line with A, B, and C)
Correct answer
Exercise Adherence
Examining reasons for being active
Personal Reasons
Normative (descriptive) reasons
(Priebe & Spink, 2011)
Results:
Non-normative reasons were rated as much stronger motivators of PA than normative
Normative beliefs predicted PA over and above individuals' perceived reasons for being
active
Changing behaviour of Office Workers
Adherence Behaviour (Priebe & Spink, 2012)
Procedures:
4 information conditions
oOthers are doing PA (normative)
oHealth (non-normative)
oAppearance (non-normative)
oInformation Control
Predicting with ehich infomrmational message would resul in the greater in crease in PA
Results :
Participants in ecriptive norm condition reported significantly greater changes in mild
activity (walking in the office) than those in the combined other conditions
Time sitting within an office setting (Priebe & Spink, 2015)
Longest Period Sitting
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Groups & Aggression KIN 231
MAR 27/29
Sitting decreases
Metabolic profile negatively changes
Time:
Pre-Message
Post -Message
Sitting in Minutes
180.0 (102.8)
130.7 (84.7)
What about Sport?
Perceived effort in high school athletes (Spink, Crozier, & Robinson, 2013)
Result:
Descriptive norms predicted individual effort after controlling for personal reason
Changing the Effort Levels of Athletes - Field Experiment
Self-reported effort (Corzier & Spink, 2017)
Procedure:
4 information conditions
oOthers are working hard (descriptive)
oOthers approve of you working hard (injunctive)
oPersonal (skill-non-normative) - to get better as an athlete
oTeam (non-normative) - working harder in order to help your team
Description and injuctive conditions both play out
Results:
Those exposed to normative information reported greater effort compared to those
exposed to personal reasons
What about muscular endurance?
To examine the influence of a descriptive norm message on muscular endurance and
efficacy (plank-hold) (Priebe & Spink, 2015)
Design
Demographic PAR-Q
Norm Perceptions Pre-Efficacy
o3 minute rest (norm manipulation)
Post-Efficacy
Manipulation Checks
Norm manipulation
Descriptive Norm condition:
o"80% of similar others (age, gender, pilates level) held their 2nd plank for at
least 20% longer than their 1st"
Results:
Condtion Estimated Marginal Mean
(SD)*
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