PHIL 224 Lecture Notes - Polyamory

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bronzeguinea-pig398

26 Oct 2012

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Organize it in the most effective way: you can combine all of the expositions and critical responses or separate them. You want it to be more detailed, not general. Comparative/argumentative: a combination of both, more emphasis on the argumentative. Show you are aware of the dialectical environment: the subject matter of your essay is in the middle of a conversation, focus on best/strongest criticisms. : look into the arguments for and against gay marriage, and draw the best conclusion (given the arguments) you can. We will not directly cover this in class. Look at it in terms of a right. 2: between consenting adults: consent is often thought to resolve all moral problems with the conduct that follows it after you have consented, nothing is immoral. Investigate what philosophers really thing about consent: pervert! Deviant sexual behaviours are usually star candidates for social control of some form.

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Hi this is the introduction that I have written for my poster. Myposter is on the following URL (please have a look!).

http://i55.tinypic.com/e0g0w5.jpg

Please correct the introduction for any scientific or grammaticalerrors and give me your suggestions about this section as well asthe overall poster. Thanks

This is very important so if you are not good at it pleasedon't answer.

Here is the introduction :

Have you ever thought about why would thrilling rides getyou excited, make your heart racing orsometimes even make you start screaming from the depths of yourcore, forming a bead of sweat on your forehead?

Well, the answer lies in physics. These rides demonstratevery good examples of the physics laws and concepts involved innature and their affect on us in real life applications.

Height, weightlessness, high velocity, hugeacceleration, the sudden impulse and themomentary change in momentum, the work being done and the suddenchange in energy are all factors that contribute inmaking a thrilling ride an exciting one. Those factorsmake adrenalin concentrations in our body system increasecausing higher blood pressure thus stimulating theheart.. They also make the rider in a lot ofuncertainty and unexpected visual cues.

An example of a thrilling ride is the Giant Drop which isa freefall ride involving the drawing of an eight seat carriage bytwin cables to the top of the tower. After one minute full ofanxiety, the riders are plummeted down a height of 39 stories(almost 115m) then brought to a halt within meters from the groundby a sophisticated magnetic braking system.

A nuclear reaction is represented by an equation similar to theequation for a chemical reaction. An example of a nuclear reactionis the decay of radium into radon by the emission of an alphaparticle (a helium nucleus). The equation for this reactionis

^{226}_{\ 88}{\rm Ra}\; \rightarrow \, ^{222}_{\ 86}{\rmRn}+\;^4_2{\rm He}.

The superscript preceding each element indicates the nucleon numberof that particular nucleus (total number of protons and neutrons).The subscript indicates the charge of the nucleus, which is equalto the atomic number for nuclei. Nuclear reactions frequentlyinvolve electrons (sometimes called beta rays) and photons(sometimes called gamma rays). Electrons, which have nucleon number0 and charge -1, are represented in equations as either ^{\ \;0}_{-1}\beta or ^{\ \; 0}_{-1}{\rm e}. Photons are represented as^{0}_{0}\gamma to emphasize that they have no nucleon number andcarry no charge.

In nuclear reactions, several conservation laws are usuallysufficient to determine the products or reactants. One of these isconservation of nucleon number. The total number of neutrons andprotons in all of the reactants must be the same as the totalnumber of protons and neutrons in the products. Although protonsand neutrons sometimes change into one another, neither can simplydisappear. Another important conservation law is conservation ofcharge. The net charge of the reactants must be the same as that ofthe products.

Notice that, in our equation for the decay of radium, the sum ofthe nucleon numbers on each side is 226 and the sum of the chargeson each side is 88. If you knew everything in this equation exceptthe isotope of radon produced, you could simply subtract 4 from 226to find the nucleon number required to make the nucleon number ofthe products equal the nucleon number of the reactants. Similarly,if you knew everything in this equation except for the identity ofthe product element, you could simply subtract 2 from 88 and thenlook in a periodic table to find that the element with atomicnumber 86 is radon.

In parts A and B consider the decay of radon by alpha particleemission:

^{222}_{\ 86}{\rm Rn}\;\rightarrow\;X +\,^{4}_{2}{\rm He}.

a. What is the nucleon number of the element X?
Express your answer as an integer.

b. What is the atomic number (nuclear charge) of the elementX?
Express your answer as an integer.

n parts C and D consider the decay of Potassium-43 into calcium-43via the following reaction:

^{43}_{19}{\rm K} \rightarrow ^{43}_{20}{\rm Ca}+\,X.

c. What is the charge of the emitted particle X?
d. is not visible yet

E. An isotope of potassium with a half-life of roughly one billionyears is often used in radioactive dating. This isotope decaysthrough electron capture, the process of drawing an electron intothe nucleus. What is the chemical symbol for the element thatresults from this process? The equation for the reaction is

^{40}_{19}{\rm K}+\,^{\ \;0}_{-1}{\rm e}\rightarrow \,?.
Express your answer as a chemical symbol (e.g., Na forsodium).

f. The reaction energy of a reaction is the amount of energyreleased by the reaction. It is found by determining the differencein mass between the reactants and products and then using E=mc^2 toconvert the lost mass into the released energy.

Look again at the equation for the decay of radium (Ra), given inthe introduction. Use the following table of masses to determinethe reaction energy of this reaction.
Nucleus or particle Mass in atomic mass units
radium-226 226.025402
radon-222 222.017571
alpha particle 4.002602
Express your answer in joules to three significant figures.

please answer fully... thank you

One facet of the central field approximation for many-electronatoms is that inner-shell electrons screen the nuclear charge. Tounderstand how this works quantitatively, first note that theprobability distributions for electrons in different shellsgenerally do not overlap much. For instance, the electrons in the Mshell (n=3) are almost always farther from the nucleus than theelectrons of the K (n=1) and L (n=2) shells. Thus, it is a goodapproximation to assume that the inner shells completely screen thenucleus from the outer shells. For example, if there are tenelectrons altogether in the K and L shells of an atom, then theelectrons in the M shell experience force from a charge of roughlyZ-10, where Z is the charge on the nucleus as an integer multipleof e, the magnitude of the charge on an electron. This is calledthe effective nuclear charge Z_eff.

a. In a beryllium atom (Z=4), how many electrons are in the Kshell?
Express your answer as an integer.

b. n xenon (Z=54), what is the effective charge Z_eff experiencedby an electron in the M (n=3) shell?
Express your answer as an integer.

c. How many electrons are there altogether in the K, L, and Mshells of xenon? Recall that for n=3, the orbital quantum number lmust be zero, one, or two and that m_l can take any value betweenpostive and negative l.
Express your answer as an integer.

d.

The idea of simply subtracting the number of inner-shell electronsworks well only for atoms with low values of Z. For atoms withlarger nuclear charge, the different shapes of the probabilitydistributions for different subshells becomes an important factor.For instance, in the N shell, electrons in the s subshell have amuch higher probability than those in the p or d subshells of beingfound closer to the nucleus than some of the K, L, or M electrons.It is said that the s electrons penetrate the inner shells morereadily than do the p or d electrons. Therefore, it is to beexpected that our simple subtraction model may not work well forouter-shell s electrons in large atoms. Keeping this in mind, wesee that the effective nuclear charge Z_eff for the outermostelectron in an atom may be found experimentally by measuring theionization energy of an atom and then calculating the effectivecharge using the equation

E_n=- \frac{Z_{\rm eff}^2}{n^2}(13.6\;\rm eV).

The energy for the 5p valence electron in indium (Z=49) is -5.79electron volts. What is the effective nuclear charge Z_effexperienced by this electron?
Express your answer to three significant figures.

PHIL 224 Lecture Notes - Polyamory

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