BIOL239 Lecture Notes - Ribosome, Phenyl Group, Glutamine

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pearsardine709

13 Sep 2014

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL239

Professor

Christine Dupont

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Document Summary

Set 12: gene expression: the flow of genetic information from dna via rna to protein. The central dogma is the flow of information and how everything in your cells and your body is built. It starts with dna information which is transcribed into a messenger molecular called messenger rna in eukaryotes. It carries information out of the nucleus and out into the cytoplasm where it gets translated to polypeptides (which get together to form proteins). Polypeptides can construct to give proteins but not necessarily. Polypeptides are constructed by adding amino acid building blocks into chains. Linear progression from dna to rna to protein. Retroviruses like hiv go all over the place with this central dogma. They make rna, then dna from that, then mrna from that, then protein, genomes from the. We are pretty simple compared to that: the genetic code. Binary codes give you the capacity to account for 16 amino acids (less than 20)

Related Questions

2. Mach the example with the evolutionary concept:

Potential matches:

1: Vestigial structure

2: Analogous structures

3: Biogeography

4: Artificial selection

5: Biochemical Evidence

6: Homologous structures

( ) Different dog breeds

( ) Fish fins and dolphin fins

( ) Human arm bone and dog arm bone

( ) Pelvic girdle of a snake

( ) Australia Kangaroo and Virginia Possum are bothmarsupials

( ) DNA of chimpanzees and DNA of humans

3. Matching: match the species with the correctcharacteristic.

Potential matches:

1: Neanderthais

2: Homo habilis

3: Cro Magnon

4: Australopithecus africanus

5: Homo erectus

( ) first appearance of tool use

( ) first evidence of burial rituals

( ) first evidence of the fire making abilities

( ) first species to exhibit bipedal locomotion

( ) a modern human

4, Matching: choose the best answer:

Potential matches:

1: DNA

2: Transfer RNA

3: Proteins

4: Amino Acids

5: Messenger RNA

( ) transports amino acids to the site of transition

( ) the ultimate source of the code for proteins

( ) transcribe the genetic code from DNA into an RNA code

( ) makes up polypeptides

( ) Amino acids are the building blocks for this compound

5. In a particular plant, the allele for white flowers isrecessive to the allele for pink flowers. Pollen from aheterozygous pink flower fertilizes the eggs of a white flower.What is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring:

A, 75% pink; 25 white

B, 100% white

C, 50% pink: 50% White

D, 100 Pink,

E, 25% red, 50% pink, 25% white

apricotfox496

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

erinporpoise384

Assigned as

Homework

Acetyl CoA is the beginning of a metabolic pathway that produces most of the NADH and FADH for ATP production. When you starve, which of the following will produce the most Acetyl CoA?

Protein, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism all produce the same amount

Free Oxygen radicals

Protein metabolism

Lipid metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism

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Which of the following occurs when oxyhemoglobin reaches the capillaries of heart muscle?

Absorbs oxygen from the mitochondria

Releases oxygen which leaves the capillary and diffuses into the cell

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the capillary to the nucleus

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the mitochondria to the capillary

Unanswered

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Homework

The drug, cannabis, which is produced by the marijuana plant, is a byproduct of which reaction?

Dark reaction

Light reaction

Oxidative phosphorylation of plants

Glycolysis in plants

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All of the following are true about bile EXCEPT:

It acts as an emulsifying agent for lipids and it is synthesized in the liver

It disperses globs of fat in the chyme into microscopic particles

It acts as an emulsifying agent on carbohydrates and is synthesized in the gall bladder

It exposes the large surface area of lipids to lipase

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The carbon-nitrogen bond that connects amino acids together in a protein is referred to as which of the following?

Peptide bond

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Octet bond

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Dr. Monroe wants to prevent Priscilla, the chair of biology, from digesting carbohydrates. Which organ should she remove from Priscilla that produces the enzymes needed for carbohydrate digestion?

Small intestine

Liver

Pancreas

Large intestine

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QuestionGroup: #17 Lipids

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Homework

All of the following are true about the liver EXCEPT:

It receives all the blood from the intestinal system by way of the portal circulation.

It produces iron directly with no need for having a food substrate

It stores fats and carbohydrates for energy.

It regulates blood glucose levels and synthesis of blood proteins

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QuestionGroup: #18 DNA

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This molecule controls the production of enzymes in animal cells.

It is DNA, a nucleotide that resides in the nucleus of cells

It is RNA, the ancestor to DNA

It is a protein

It is DNA, a carbohydrate

It is DNA, a nucleotide which resides in the cytoplasm of the cell

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QuestionGroup: #19 DNA2

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Homework

Which of the following represents the proper sequence for the "central dogma"?

RNA to Protein to DNA

RNA to DNA to Protein

DNA to RNA to Protein

Protein to RNA to DNA

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QuestionGroup: #20 Gene expression

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Homework

How many different kind of amino acids are necessary for mRNA to make proteins in humans?

Bogus question since mRNA does not use amino acids to make protein.

Bogus question since mRNA does not use amino acids to make protein rather it is the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

BIOL239 Lecture Notes - Ribosome, Phenyl Group, Glutamine

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