ECON 202 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Aggregate Demand, Money Supply, Horse Length

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blushworm378

24 Mar 2021

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Economics

Course

ECON 202

Professor

Saeed Rana

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

, transfer funds from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage financial market. Business cycles i upward and downward movement of aggregate output. Inflation i a continual and broad - based increase in the price level. Interest rates i cost of borrowing on the price paid for the rental of funds in the economy. Money & banking p affect other economic variables i. Anything generally accepted as a payment for goods i services , or to repay debts . Bank $ assets smartphone } . we. A income (wages (cid:8814) i"employment/ # employees 9(cid:8814) ftp. f-ordernewsmartphone $ Money supply a (cid:195) spending a f assets. mm good c land , home . demand for smartphone m . Xu setter i demand a (cid:195) price a (cid:195) inflation . Aggregate price level i the average price of goods & services in an economy money supply t (cid:195) employment t.

Related Questions

part 1

1. Why are bond markets important?

2. Why are stock markets important?

3. Why are banks important?

4. What aspects of the economy are affected by the money supply?

5. What are the four phases of a business cycle? How does money supply affect business

cycles?

6. What is the relationship between money supply growth and inflation?

7. What is monetary policy? What is fiscal policy?

8. What is the foreign exchange market?

9. How does an appreciation of a currency affect the economy?

10. How does a depreciation of a currency affect an economy?

part 2

1. What are the two components of a financial system? What is direct finance? Indirect

finance?

2. What is the role of financial markets?

3. Explain the following classifications of financial markets

a. Debt and. equity markets

b. Primary and secondary markets

c. Exchanges and over-the-counter markets

d. Money and capital markets

4. List and briefly explain each money market instrument.

5. List the capital market instruments.

6. Explain why financial intermediaries play an important role in the economy (address the

following: transactions costs, risk sharing, information costs, and economies of scope).

7. What is asymmetric information? What are the two problems that arise when there is

asymmetric information in the financial system?

8. Explain the adverse selection and moral hazard problems that are a result of asymmetric

information.

9. What are the different types of financial intermediaries in the U.S. economy?

10. Which financial intermediaries are classified as depository institutions (or banks)?

11. What are the two main reasons why the government regulates the financial system?

12. What are the different types of financial regulations implemented by the government in

the U.S.?

INVESTOR

1. Financial markets make it possible for those who have saved money to earn a reward by providing

the financing for business formation and expansion. Business owners can seek financing through the
stock market, the bond market, or the banking sector, or by working directly with potential investors.
Do investors play an important role in the economy? Explain your answer

2. What determines the success of an individual investor? Do you agree that "it takes money to make money?

CONSUMER

1.Discuss the importance of the consumer's role in the ecoonmy

2.How do you distinguish between good decisions and bad decisions made by consumers?

(OWN WORD PLEASE THANKS)

apricotoyster521

1. Why Niall Ferguson thought that the expansionary fiscal policy (or government deficit) could produce crowding-out effect? You can explain by using the IS-LM model or you can use the logic of loanable funds theory.

Niall Ferguson believed that expansionary fiscal policy could produce a crowding-out effect. Ferguson believed that if the government tried to increase demand during the crisis it would cause the real interest rate to increase. He theorized that if the government tried to boost the economy through deficit spending it would cause the interest rate to rise, which in turn would crowd-out investors and consumers. The interest in the deficit would lead to an increase in the demand for loanable funds, which would lead to an increase in interest rates. Ferguson stated "The lesson of economic growth is very clear. Economic growth does not come from state-led infrastructure investment. It comes from technological innovation, and gains in productivity, and these things come from private sector, not from the state."

2. Why Paul Krugman thinks that Niall Ferguson was wrong and thought that government deficit could not produce a crowding-out effect? In other words, please explain Krugman's Liquidity trap .

Paul Krugman disagreed with Ferguson and believed that the government deficit could not produce a crowding out effect. Krugman's liquidity trap: Private demand is so low that even if the short-term interest rate is 0% spending is less that what is needed for full employment. Normal monetary policy of the central bank purchasing short-term debts with new money is ineffective. Krugman argues that a major issue during the crisis was people wanting to save money combined with the private sector being far less likely to invest. He referred to this a "savings glut". It was argued that the federal reserve was playing the part that the private banking system through buying private securities and the federal government was playing the roll that business wasn't by engaging in investment. Due to the liquidity trap excess demand for savings is not going to drive interest rates up. Krugman stated " Government borrowing gives some of those excess saving a place to go and in the process expands overall demand, and hence GDP. It does not crowd out private spending, at least not until the excess supply of savings has been sopped up, which is the same thing as saying not until the economy has escaped from the liquidity trap."

3. In the discussion, other discussants such as George Soros and Robin Wells pointed out some interesting issues. Please provide at least one thing that you agree and one thing that you disagree. Discuss in details why you think so.

I agree with Soros view that the publics view of the financial markets has been forever changed. " Financial markets namely that they tend toward equilibrium, and that equilibrium is disturbed by extraneous forces, outside shocks. But the finical system collapsed of its own weight." I feel like this is a situation in which it takes a very long time to build trust, but that trust can be lost instantly. The crash has challenged the felling of security that people once felt in the banking system. The idea of the market regulating itself is fading, it wasn't until the government stepped that people felt reassured in the banking system. I believe this will lead to a period of government regulation that wouldn't have arose without this change in view. I disagree with robin Wells' view that the US needs to shift towards protectionism. I believe that free trade is good for everyone as long as there is a comparative advantage. If the US moves toward protections as a result of the deficit it will slow economic growth and place us at a disadvantage compared to countries with free trade. Not to mention consumers in the US will be placed with the burden of higher prices on goods.

Please make comments to the discussion I provided above(at least 300 words). And you can start with "I agree with you on some points... But I disagree with you on some points".

ECON 202 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Aggregate Demand, Money Supply, Horse Length

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