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LS272 Lecture 6: Police Culture and Personality

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goldfox785
13 Feb 2019
School
University of Waterloo
Department
Legal Studies
Course
LS272
Professor
John Rempel

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Document Summary

Ls 272 - lecture 6 - police culture and personality. Expected to have a decent working knowledge of the law and act lawfully. A positive policing image has benefits for the legal system really difficult to feel positive about a force that is watching them and waiting to discipline them. You never know what"s going to happen next. Both the stress of being at risk and also knowing that you are in a life or death situation. See the dark side of human behaviour and human suffering. The exposure on a regular ongoing basis can take its toll. The stress of creating a life or death situation for others. Having to "make the call" creates stress. No differences in psychological disorders or intelligence. Differences in suspiciousness, cynicism, conservatism, authoritarianism, loyalty, secretiveness, physical courage, and self-assertiveness. "cop culture" values suspiciousness, cynicism, conservatism, outgroup prejudice, pessimism, solidarity, pragmatism, mission, and action.

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Related Questions

Some of you will have seen Starship Troopers, a moviebased upon a novel by Robert Heinlein. The film deviates from thebook in some ways, for example the book describes a visit to aplanet to resupply the dropships used in combat operations by theM.I. (mobile infantry). Heinlein describes this visit in the book;a portion of the novel is reproduced on the followingpage.

The followig passage contains two concepts we havediscussed in class in relation to the effects of mutation onpopulations, one positive and one negative. Describe the twomutation related concepts Heinlein discusses. You must describethese concepts as a biologist - you must use the technical terms wehave used in class properly and explain the positive and negativeeffect of mutation on the evolution and health of apopulation.

(a) What is the positive effect of mutation as describedby Heinlein?

(I.E., what does Heinlein describe as a benefit ofhaving more mutations)

(b) What is the negative effect of mutation as describedby Heinlein?

(I.E., what does Heinlein describe as a problem ofhaving more mutations)

I never have learned the co-ordinates of Sanctuary,nor the name or catalogue number of the star it orbits - becausewhat you don’t know, you can’t spill; the location isultra-top-secret, known only to ship’s captains, piloting officers,and such ... and I understand, with each of them under orders andhypnotic compulsion to suicide if necessary to avoid capture. So Idon’t want to know. With the possibility that Luna Base might betaken and Terra herself occupied, the Federation kept as much ofits beef as possible as Sanctuary, so that a disaster back homewould not necessarily mean capitulation.

But I can tell you what sort of a planet itis. Like Earth, but retarded.

Literally retarded, like a kid who takes tenyears to learn to wave bye-bye and never does manage to masterpatty cake. It is a planet as near Earth as two planets can be,same age according to the planetologists and its star is the sameage as the Sun and the same type, so say the astrophysicists. Ithas plenty of flora and fauna, the same atmosphere as Earth, nearenough, and much the same weather; it even has a good-sized moonand Earth’s exceptional tides.

With all these advantages it barely got awayfrom the starting gate. You see, it’s short on mutations; it doesnot enjoy Earths high level of natural radiation.

Its typical and most highly developed plantlife is a very primitive giant fern; its top animal life is aproto-insect which hasn’t even developed colonies. I am notspeaking of transplanted Terran flora and fauna - our stuff movesin and brushes the native stuff aside.

With its evolutionary progress held down toalmost to zero by lack of radiation and a consequent mostunhealthily low mutation rate, native life forms of Sanctuary justhaven’t had a decent chance to evolve and aren’t fit to compete.Their gene patterns remain fixed for a relatively long time; theyaren’t adaptable - like being forced to play the same bridge handover and over again, for eons, with no hope of getting a betterone.

As long as they just competed with eachother, this didn’t matter too much - morons among morons, so tospeak. But when types that had evolved on a planet enjoying highradiation and fierce competition were introduced, the native stuffwas outclassed.

Now all the above is perfectly obvious fromhigh school biology ... but the high forehead from the researchstation there who was telling me about this brought up a point Iwould have never thought of.

What about the human beings who havecolonized Sanctuary?

Not transients like me, but the colonists wholive there, many of whom were born there, and whose descendantswill live there, even unto the umpteenth generation - what aboutthose descendants? It doesn’t do a person any harm not to beradiated; in fact it’s a bit safer - leukemia and some types ofcancer are almost unknown there. Besides that, the economicsituation is at present all in their favor; when they plant a fieldof (Terran) wheat;, they don’t even have to clear out the weeds.Terran wheat displaces anything native.

But the descendants of those colonists won’tevolve. Not much, anyhow. This chap told me that they could improvea little through mutation from other causes, from new blood addedby immigration, and from natural selection among the gene patternsthey already own - but that is all very minor compared with theevolutionary rate on Terra and on any usual planet. So whathappens? Do they stay frozen at their present levels while the restof the human race moves on past them, until they are livingfossils, as out of place as a pithecanthropus in a spaceship?

Or will they worry about the fate of theirdescendants and dose themselves regularly with X-rays or maybe setof lots of dirty-type nuclear explosions each year to build up afallout reservoir in their atmosphere? (Accepting, of course, theimmediate dangers of radiation to themselves in order to provide aproper genetic heritage of mutation for the benefit of theirdescendants.)

This bloke predicted that they would not doanything. He claims that the human is too individualistic, tooself-centered, to worry that much about future generations. He saysthat the genetic impoverishment of distant generations through thelack of radiation is something most people are simply incapable ofworrying about. And of course it is a far-distant threat; evolutionworks so slowly, even on Terra, that the development of a newspecies is a matter of many, many thousands of years.

I don’t know. Shucks, I don’t know what Imyself will do more than half the time; how can I predict what acolony of strangers will do? But I’m sure of this: Sanctuary isgoing to be fully settled, either by us or by the bugs. Or bysomebody. It is a potential utopia, and, with desirable real estateso scarce in this end of the Galaxy, it will not be left in thepossession of primitive life forms that failed to make thegrade.

Find an article dealing with budgeting and prepare a 1 page summary of how you can apply the information to your personal finances.

ARTICLE:

Budgeting is the foundation of personal finance. Whether or not you write a personal budget, use a budget spreadsheet, use a budgeting app, or simply keep track in your head — you’re probably already budgeting.

And budgeting is never more important than in your early adult life as you figure out how to stretch a paycheck, pay off debt, and — hopefully — save a little bit, too.

This page will give you the basic tools you’ll need to start budgeting.

What is a Budget, Exactly?

A monthly budget is a plan for how you will allocate income to meet your expenses for a designated month. Some think of budgets as spending constraints, but budgets are better described as “spending plans”. If you budget correctly you will be able to spend money on things you enjoy without worrying about meeting other financial obligations, overdrawing your accounts, or going into credit card debt.

A monthly budget typically consists of a list describing your income sources and expenses. Each description is followed by the amount you project for the amount of the income or expense for the designated month. A monthly budget can be an Excel spreadsheet, managed within a software program like Quicken, or simply jotted on a piece of notebook paper.

Writing Your Budget

A monthly budget is an estimate, but your goal should be to make as educated an estimate as possible. To do this, you will want to collect a month’s worth of pay stubs, bills, and bank statements, if possible.

INCOME

Assuming you are budgeting for an upcoming calendar month, start by looking at your previous month’s take-home pay.

If you are paid monthly or semi-monthly, this will be easy.

If you are paid every other week, multiply your paycheck by 2.166 to determine your monthly pay.

Paid weekly? Multiply your check amounts by 4.333.

Budgeting is a bit trickier if your main source of monthly income varies (if you work variable hours or earn tips), you can average several months of income or estimate based upon experience. But be conservative. In a month’s time you want to have spent less than you planned for in your budget—a difficult goal when you don’t bank as much cash as you thought.

You also want to take other income sources into account.

Do you work more than one job?

Will you get a bonus next month?

Do you pick up odd gigs or sell old stuff from time to time?

Do you have any investments paying dividends?

Create entries in your monthly budget for these additional income sources and create a line for your total monthly income. This is the amount you have to spend for the month and the basis for your “spending plan”. You cannot spend more than this in any one month. If you anticipate unusually large expenses next month for which you have money saved (a vacation, for example), consider including the savings you will use to pay for the expense as income. This will allow you to see a more typical monthly spending plan despite the inclusion of a non-monthly expense.

EXPENSES

For your monthly budget to work, your expense projections need to be as accurate as possible. Some expenses, like your rent, car payment, and insurance bill, are simple. From there, it gets trickier.

Chances are your utility bills fluctuate from month to month and how much you spend on groceries, dining out, and clothing may vary drastically. Here’s where having a few bills and bank statements will be useful so you can average several month’s worth of data.

Place each expense on a line and write down the amount next to it. You may find it useful to create categories of expenses like:

“Transportation”

“Household”

“Food”

“Entertainment”

“Debt”

Consider expenses that may not be monthly, such as clothing or car maintenance. You should still budget for these items. If you allocate money every month for these things, that money will be available when you do need it.

Tracking and estimating your monthly expenses will be harder, but not impossible, if you frequently pay in cash. While cash is a good way to moderate your spending, you need to be diligent about collecting receipts if you want to know where your money went. A new benefit of credit and debit cards now that you can use them virtually everywhere, even for micro payments of just a few dollars, is at the end of the month you get a statement with all of your monthly expenses on one page. If you’re struggling with credit card debt, definitely stick with debit cards or cash. But if you can learn to use a credit card responsibly and pay it off in full each month, I actually think a good credit card can make budgeting easier.

Your Bottom Line

When you have a complete list of your monthly expenses, add them up and subtract the sum from your monthly income. You should have a positive number. No? Uh-oh. If you have been spending according to this budget, you are going into debt. You will need to find out why your expenses exceed your income and find ways to cut your expenses – fast! Look at your list of expenses and separate discretionary spending. This includes entertainment, travel, gifts, and all dining (including lunches!) Most people can cut their monthly expenses significantly by learning to give up small daily expenditures like coffee or snacks.

If your budgeted expenses fall below your income, congratulations! You are successfully living below your means. The question, now, is how to use your extra money. Follow our six steps to financial stability to help you prioritize your money goals.

Finally, Keep It Simple

If you ever want to build wealth and stay out of debt, you have to spend less than you earn. And a budget can ensure that you do that. Still, rigidly tracking every dime you spend is like counting calories — it sounds good in theory, but most of us fail to keep up with it.

But you can stick with a budget if:

You keep your budget as simple as possible.

You harness the power of automating your money.

After you get a handle on your budget, you’ll be able to focus on other priorities like getting out of debt, building emergency savings, and begin to save for retirement. They aren’t the most exciting financial goals of your lifetime, but once they are out of the way they provide solid footing for financial security for the rest of your life.

Read more at: https://www.moneyunder30.com/budgeting-in-your-twenties

Please help answer 4 questions:

1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.

What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?

2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.

3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.

4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?

The Soccer Mom:

A Case Study on the Nervous System

by

Jennifer Bolognese, Misti Coronel, Anita Intorre, and

Phil Stephens Biology Department Villanova University

Part I—At the Soccer Game

Thirty-two-year-old Phyllis Jackson was sitting on the bench at the side of the soccer ?eld, sipping a bottle of

Gatorade. Her husband, Steven, sat next to her with a concerned expression. “I’m really worried about you, honey,” he said.

“I’m just a little dehydrated; I’ll be ?ne.”

“If this were the ?rst incident, then maybe I’d agree with you. But your boss has been on your case about your lack of concentration at work, you forgot to pick up the kids from school last week, and quite frankly, you haven’t exactly been yourself with me lately. Now you’re having fainting spells during games? Something doesn’t seem right.”

“I know things haven’t been going well for me lately, but I don’t know why. I try so hard at work, at home, with the kids, to be a good wife. So maybe all this stress has made me a little unfocused and disoriented. What do you want me to do about it?” Phyllis said, blinking back tears.

“I think you should see a doctor,” Steven replied, putting his arm around her and drawing her close. “The kids are getting worried, too.”

Phyllis sighed. “Alright, if it will make you feel better. I really just think I need some time to relax, though.” “Well… I could drop the kids of at my sister’s tonight; that would give us a little free time…”

“That’s really thoughtful of you. I could de?nitely use a quiet night at home, maybe even go to bed early.” Steven seemed disappointed.

Part II—The Doctor Visit

“So, what seems to be the problem, Mrs. Jackson?” Dr. Warner asked Phyllis.

“My husband wanted me to come in and see you after I fainted during my soccer game Saturday. I’ve also been having some problems at work, but I think I’m just stressed.”

“What kinds of problems have you been having at work?”

“It’s been hard to concentrate on tasks. I’ve also had some problems typing—I’ve been making more errors than usual, and oftentimes my ?ngers will go numb.”

“I see,” said Dr. Warner, taking a few notes on his clipboard. “According to my records you are not on any long term medication. Have you noticed any problems outside of work?”

“Well, my husband has been complaining about our personal life lately. And last week, I completely forgot that I was supposed to pick up our two daughters after school. I’ve been feeling really tired lately; even my coordination seems of.”

“How long has this been going on for?”

“A few weeks, but this isn’t the ?rst time. These problems seem to come and go, but it’s getting to the point where I can’t just ignore them anymore. I don’t know, maybe I’m just depressed.”

“Why do you say that?”

“My mother suffered from depression throughout my childhood.”

“Well, depression certainly could cause some of the symptoms you’re experiencing,” Dr. Warner said thoughtfully. “Is there a history in your family of any neurological disorders?” “I don’t think so. I have some vague recollection of my grandfather in a wheelchair when I was really young, but I don’t know what was wrong with him.”

“Okay,” said the doctor, nodding. “Well, the few preliminary tests we’ve run show that you are not pregnant, and that you are not going through menopause. I’d like to send you to see Dr. Thrush, a friend and colleague of mine. She is a neurologist at the local hospital and she will run a few tests to explore your symptoms a little further.”

Questions: Analyze

1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.

What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?

Part III—Diagnostic Tests

Dr. Thrush looked over the results of Phyllis’s Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mri) and evoked potential tests. She was thinking how glad she was that Steven had accompanied Phyllis on this visit as she showed them the MR images of Phyllis’ brain.

“The machine took pictures of Phyllis’ brain in slices. The dark areas are the brain tissue, Phyllis, and the white areas in the middle and around the outside are the cerebrospinal ?uid.”

“Is that normal? Am I ok?” Phyllis asked. “And what are those little white dots in the tissue?”

“The white dots are what concerned me,” replied the doctor. “So we did another type of mri, called dark ?uid, so that your cerebrospinal ?uid would not show up white.”

“But I still see the white dots in my brain tissue. What does that mean?”

The doctor looked down, knowing that this was never an easy thing to tell a patient.

“I am afraid that this indicates that there are plaques or scars in your brain, and that you may have multiple sclerosis.”

Tears began to form in her eyes as Phyllis squeezed her husband’s hand.

“I am afraid that the evoked potential test and the elevated levels of myelin basic protein in you cerebrospinal ?uid indicate the same thing.”

Questions: Evaluate and Apply

2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.

3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.

Part IV—The Diagnosis

Dr. Thrush informed Phyllis that she was probably suffering from the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (ms), in which relapses of symptoms are separated by periods of remission. ms is a disorder in which the myelination of axons is degraded due to unknown factors. The most commonly accepted explanation is that ms is an autoimmune disorder in which myelin in the central nervous system is attacked by the body’s own immune system. There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. During remission, axons affected by the disorder regain their function. Voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated in the nodes of Ranvier and the distribution changes at disease onset.

Questions: Create

4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?

Thank you for your time with this