PSYCH207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Linguistic Competence, Morpheme, Psycholinguistics

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Chapter 9: Language
Language is used as a communication system but there are other communication systems that
do’t for true laguages.
o Ex bees do dance to communicate where honey is
o the dae a ol ifor the other ees aout the food, it a’t tell the ho good it is
o only sends specific messages
o bees lack arbitrariness
Language has two characteristics:
1. it is regular (governed by a system of rules, called grammar
Grammar a sste of rules that produes ell fored, or legal, etities, suh as setees of a
language
2. it is productive, meaning that infinite combinations of things can be expressed it in
Human language includes
arbitrariness (lack of a necessary resemblance between a word or sentence and what it refers to)
discreteness (the system can be subdivided in to recognizable parts for example, sentences into
words, words into sounds
The Structure of Language
Phonemes the smallest unit of sounds that makes a meaningful difference in a given language
Ex. Mat vs Cat changing m to c
have to put the sounds together in some coherent way. Identifying the meaning units of
language, an aspect known as morphology
Morpheme smallest meaningful units of language
Ex. Take vs Taking has 2 morphemes take to taking creates 2 meanings
Syntax rule for how to put together sentences and phrases
E. “ujet er ojet “VO The Girls ill hit the o
sentence must mean something to the listener
Semantics is the branch of linguistics and psycholinguistics devoted to the study of meaning
for a conversation to work there must be some flow or give and take
listeners must pay attention and make certain assumptions, and speakers must craft their own
their contributions in ways that will make the listeners job feasible
Pragmatics the rules governing the social aspects of language
our knowledge of the rules is therefore not explicit (we cannot articulate what all the rules are, nor
are we consciously aware of all of them)
but implicit (Whatever the rules are, we somehow follow them)
Linguistic competence underlying knowledge that allows a cognitive processor to engage in a
particular cognitive activity involving language, independent of behaviour expressing that knowledge
competence refers to underlying linguistic knowledge that lets people produce and
comprehend their language
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Chapter 9: language: language is used as a communication system but there are other communication systems that do(cid:374)"t for(cid:373) true la(cid:374)guages. Ex bees do dance to communicate where honey is: the da(cid:374)(cid:272)e (cid:272)a(cid:374) o(cid:374)l(cid:455) i(cid:374)for(cid:373) the other (cid:271)ees a(cid:271)out the food, it (cid:272)a(cid:374)"t tell the(cid:373) ho(cid:449) good it is, only sends specific messages, bees lack arbitrariness. Language has two characteristics: it is regular (governed by a system of rules, called grammar. Grammar a s(cid:455)ste(cid:373) of rules that produ(cid:272)es (cid:449)ell for(cid:373)ed, or (cid:862)legal,(cid:863) e(cid:374)tities, su(cid:272)h as se(cid:374)te(cid:374)(cid:272)es of a language: it is productive, meaning that infinite combinations of things can be expressed it in. Human language includes arbitrariness (lack of a necessary resemblance between a word or sentence and what it refers to: discreteness (the system can be subdivided in to recognizable parts for example, sentences into words, words into sounds. Phonemes the smallest unit of sounds that makes a meaningful difference in a given language.

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