ASIA 100 Lecture : ASIA 100 Study Guide Version 2.docx

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ivoryantelope436

8 Mar 2012

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Aryans living in primal villages; backwards civilizations but had horse-drawn chariots and bronze axes, longbows and arrows -> longbow shoots farther than shortbow. Aryans also had the earliest religious literature; 1,028 sanskrit ends. This is a collection of the earliest surviving indo culture; addressed to aryan gods -> the rig. Water and fertility are profound in all cultures. There were big floods in ancient world; melting of polar ice caps, etc. Water cascades out of originally contained areas and filled whole new basins of water. Idea of ancient floods quite powerful and common. According to the vedic religion, the mind"s activity is fueled by desire, motivation, etc. Vedic spiritual world is a world of sacrifice dedicated to a particular deity and is a human responsibility. If you do this and do it correctly the deity will respond in the manner that you hope. If you don"t the deity will not respond in the way you wish.

Related Questions

In its most recent report, the IPCC concludes that the average temperature of the earth's surface has risen by 0.6 Â°C since the late 1800s. It is expected to increase by another 1.4â5.8 Â°C by the year 2100 â a rapid and profound change.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.5 billion people live in cities with unsafe levels of airborne particulate matter

Changes in temperature and rainfall conditions influence transmission patterns for many diseases,

The livelihood of more than half of the economically active population in the developing world directly depends in whole or part on the environment through agriculture, as well as animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, forestry, and foraging. This alone underscores the importance of the central place of environment in the emerging post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals.

1. Do you agree or Disagree on the importance environmentally sustainable development. Explain why?

2. Are developed countries more responsible for damage to the climate?(due to build up in the past)

3. What, if any, is the responsibility of the developed world to assist lesser developed countries with resilience to climate change?

4. Should the burden of sustainable development and to clean up be shared according to current population, proportional to GDPpc, or current emissions? that isShould the burden of cleaning or cutting back on emission be distributed among countries such that

a) one with more population

b) one with higher GDP per capita

c) one which has higher emissions

5. What can we as individuals do?

31. What is the length of time required for a chemical agent (or condition) to kill 90% of a microbial population?

(A) death time (B) partial sterilization time

(C)killing period (D)decimal reduction time

(E) sanitation time

32. The process by which allliving cells, spores, and viruses are destroyed on an object is called

(A) sterilization. (B) disinfection.

(C)antisepsis. (D)sanitation.

(E) all of the above

33. Some endospores can survive an autoclave treatment. Based on the conditions of an autoclave, endospores are _____ and ____ compared to their vegetative cell counterparts.

(A) barophilic / psychrophilic (B) acidophilic / mesophilic

(C)halophilic / barotolerant (D)alkaliphilic / aerotolerant

(E) barotolerant / thermophilic

34. A woman with digestive problems attempts to restore normal gut microflora by ingesting yogurt containing live, active cultures. This is an example of using

(A) antibiotics. (B) probiotics.

(C)phage therapy. (D)bioremediation.

(E) disinfectants.

35. What is the relationship between osmolarity and water activity?

(A) There is a negative correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity also increases.

(B) There is a positive correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity decreases.

(C)There is no correlation between osmolarity and water activity.

(D)There is a negative correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity decreases.

(E) There is a positive correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity also increases.

36. Which of the following enzymes generates hydrogen peroxide when destroying a reactive oxygen species?

(A) superoxide dismutase (B) catalase

(C)peroxidase (D)ATP synthetase

(E) NADH dehydrogenase

37. A genetic program leading to the production of chaperones, proteases, and enzymes that change membrane lipid composition, in response to adverse environmental conditions, is known as the

(A) irradiation response. (B) high pressure response.

(C)halophilic response. (D)Arrhenius response.

(E) heat shock response.

38. Changes in environmental temperature may

(A) affect the fluidity of bacterial membranes.

(B) affect the motion of macromolecules within the bacterial cell.

(C)affect the stability of molecules within bacteria.

(D)all of the above.

(E) none of the above.

39. Within temperatures allowable for growth, higher temperatures usually lead to

(A) higher growth rates. (B) slower growth rates.

(C)no effect on growth rates. (D)unpredictable growth rates.

(E) variable effect, depending on the species.

40. Which of the following sentences is correct?

(A) Sanitation kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, sterilization removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and disinfection removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(B) Disinfection kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, antisepsis removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and sterilization removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(C)Sterilization kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, disinfection removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and antisepsis removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(D)Disinfection kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, sterilization removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and antisepsis removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(E) Sanitation kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, sterilization removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and antisepsis removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

Read the following passage focusing your attention on the scientific procedures and scientific abilities illustrated in it. Think about what types of experiments (observation, testing or application) are described. Identify the hypothesis, predictions, outcomes of experiments and assumptions that appear in the passage. The standard explanation of how humans originally acquired AIDS is that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) originally was transmitted to humans from monkeys or apes carrying SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus. How could the transmission have occurred? Several similar hypotheses involve an African hunter coming in contact with monkey blood. For example this could have occurred when a hunter butchering a monkey, got some of its blood in a cut, or when a human ate undercooked monkey meat, or when a monkey bit a human. Depending on one's assessment of the genetic diversity of HIV over time, this transmission might have occurred only a few decades ago or, alternatively, hundreds or thousands of years ago. If the latter is correct then AIDS could have been restricted to remote African villages until recent decades when trade and international travel led to the current pandemic. There are however other alternative explanations for the spread of AIDS. One of them is that AIDS arose from contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa from 1957-59. Why is this a plausible explanation? Polio vaccines are cultured on apesâ kidneys, so contamination of a batch of vaccine by an SIV is a possibility. There is a precedent: in the 1950s and early 1960s millions of doses of polio vaccine were contaminated by another simian virus, SV-40. The vaccine alleged to be the origin of AIDS was given to hundreds of thousands of people in central and west Africa from 1957-1959. These locations later had some of the world's highest levels of HIV infection. The timing is also right, since the earliest known cases of AIDS date from the 1960s; the earliest HIV-positive blood sample was collected in Kinshasa in 1959. At the time, there was no way of testing for the presence of SIVs, which were only discovered in the 1980s. Another factor adds plausibility to the theory: the vaccine was given to many infants less than a month old, in an extra high dose. Since the immune systems of infants are not fully developed, this is an excellent way to help a virus jump the species barrier. Some scientists argue that the above explanation is not necessarily correct but that it is worth taking seriously. There are a number of ways to test it. One is to analyze stocks of polio vaccine; if the explanation is correct, then it is probable that some of the vaccines will carry SIV. Another is to scrutinize records of early polio vaccination campaigns in Africa. If it is true that the immunodeficiency virus passed to humans by way of those vaccines, the areas where the campaigns took place would be the same as those where the initial sprouts of the disease occurred and where the larger number of cases occurred during the early stages of the pandemic. Another is to analyze blood samples in Africa from the 1950s and earlier (pre polio vaccination): if the immunodeficiency virus was transmitted via the polio vaccine, HIV should not be found. Adapted from âPolitical refutation of a scientific theory: the case of polio vaccines and the origin of AIDSâ. Brian Martin, published in Health Care Analysis, Vol. 6, 1998, pp. 175-179. Now reread the passage and answer the following questions.

5. For each experiment, write an outcome that would disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines.

6. What outcomes of the experiments would fail to disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines?explain.

7.What outcomes would prove the hypothesis? Hint: This is not the same as question 6. Think about what would you need to do to 100% prove a hypothesis.

8. For what reasons do scientists need to conduct testing experiments?

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ASIA 100 Lecture : ASIA 100 Study Guide Version 2.docx

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