PSYC3263 Lecture 7: Lecture 7_sex offending
26 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
30/10/2017
1
SEX OFFENDING BEHAVIOUR
W
HEN
D
OES A
S
EXUAL
O
FFENCE
O
CCUR
?
Non-consensual sexual
activity
Correctional Code of
Canada no consent
when (but not limited to):
• Agreement is expressed by a third
party
• Complainant is incapable of
consenting
• Accused abused a position of trust,
power or authority to induce consent
• Complainant expresses non-
agreement
• Complainant may have consented,
but expressed a desire not to
continue
• Must be at least 16 years to legally
consent to sexual activity
CCC Statutory consent exceptions:
12-13 year old 12-13 year old
• Other party is no more than 2 years older
• No authority or dependency
14-15 year old14-15 year old
• Other party is no more than 5 years older
• No authority or dependence
≤ 18 years old≤ 18 years old
•Not a case of sexual exploitation
•Other party is not in a position of trust, authority or dependency
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30/10/2017
2
Sexual Offences in Canada
Sexual Assault (with weapon, causing
bodily harm, or aggravated)
Sexual Interference
Invitation to Sexual Touching
Sexual Exploitation
Incest
Bestiality
Anal Intercourse (unless in private &
between 2 consenting adults ≥ 18 years)
Making, possessing, accessing
child pornography
Electronic communication with the
intent of luring to commit a sexual
offence
G
ENERAL
F
ACTS ABOUT
S
EXUAL
A
GGRESSION
Most perpetrators are
male (98%) and most
victims are female (82%)
Majority of victims
are under the age
of 18 years (62%)
Rate of male
victimization is
higher in children
under 12 years
old (31%).
Classic Study by Abel
et al. (1987):
Rapists = 7
victim avg.
Female victim-
molesters = 20
victim avg.
Male victim-
molesters = 150
victim avg.
Community
samples
10-20% of
men admit to
sexually
assaulting
women or
children
Sexual offending behaviour is multi-faceted and multi-determined
May have different causal roots and
pathways for different forms of
sexual offending behaviours
Sexual Deviant Arousal
Penile plethysmograph – a.k.a.
“PPG”)
Not relevant to all sex offenders
What Causes Sexual Offending Behaviour?
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Factors Associated with Sexual Offending
Cognitive
distortions
(e.g.,
minimization,
rationalization)
Empathy –
distorted for
victims of
own crimes
Social Skills –
intimacy
seeking
deficits
Substance Abuse
– reduces
inhibitions
Personal Sexual Victimization:
•High prevalence of personal sexual victimization
among perpetrators of sex crimes (40-60%)
•But, only 12% of child victims of sex crimes go on to
engage in sexual offending behaviour as adults
Traditional
Criminogenic Needs:
•more relevant to non-sexual offending
behaviour than to sexual offending
behaviour
Classification of Sexual Deviancy
Clinical Perspective – DSM-5
• A Paraphilia disorder reflects atypical sexual
interests/behaviours that:
• cause the person experiences personal distress
about their interest
•or
• cause another person’s psychological distress,
injury, or death, or a desire for sexual
behaviors involving unwilling persons or
persons unable to give legal consent.
Classification of Sexual Deviancy
Contact or “Hands-on”
forms:
• Rapist
• Child molester
• Intra-familial
• Extra-familial
• Making child
pornography
Non-contact or
“hands-off” forms:
• Viewing and distributing
child pornography
• Voyeur
• Exhibitionist
Criminal Justice Perspective
Illegal forms of sexual behaviour:
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Document Summary
Non-consensual sexual: agreement is expressed by a third party, complainant is incapable of activity consenting. 12-13 year old: other party is no more than 2 years older, no authority or dependency. 14-15 year old: other party is no more than 5 years older, no authority or dependence. 18 years old: not a case of sexual exploitation, other party is not in a position of trust, authority or dependency. Electronic communication with the intent of luring to commit a sexual offence. Sexual assault (with weapon, causing bodily harm, or aggravated) Anal intercourse (unless in private & between 2 consenting adults 18 years) Most perpetrators are male (98%) and most victims are female (82%) Majority of victims are under the age of 18 years (62%) Rate of male victimization is higher in children under 12 years old (31%). 10-20% of men admit to sexually assaulting women or children. May have different causal roots and pathways for different forms of sexual offending behaviours.
