PSYC 2010U Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Falsifiability, Heritability, Scientific Method
Week 2: Frameworks, Research Strategies, and Genes & the
Environment
Overview of Lecture
• Frameworks and Theories
• Research Methods and Strategies
• Genetics and the Environment
Frameworks
• Frameworks
▫ way of organizing different theoretical perspectives on human development
▫ Each of the frameworks represents a different stance on the essential questions
• Theory
▫ A set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an
existing set of observations.
▫ Help us make predictions
▫ Often focus on a specific area of development
1. Biological & Maturation Framework
• Deelopet ous fo ithi the ogais as a esult of the ogais’s iologial
heritage
▫ Ex. Cognitive, personality, physical development
▫ Biological factors of development
• Environmental influences take a backseat to biological influences
• Theories: biological + maturation framework
▫ Freud: Psychodynamic Theory (psychosexual stages)
Inner biological forces: id, super ego
Experience plays a smaller role – just helps us meet and attain biological
drives
Child is passive – largely at the mercy of other people
Child can also be considered active because they can use their drives to
get other ppl to give them what they want
▫ Erikson: Psychosocial Theory (psychosocial stages)
Built off of Freud
Emotional and psychological traits
Believed we all go through these stages in the same order
Children are active – make conscience decisions about the shape of their
personality and behaviour
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
2. Environmental & Learning Framework
• Development occurs from the environment
▫ Adults shape hilde’s deelopet eadig ad puishig thei ehaio
▫ Children are passive recipients of development
▫ Learning is the process by which behavior is modified by experience (positive
and negative)
• Theories:
▫ Watson: Behaviorism (Classical Conditioning)
Were all born as blank slates
Make a human into whatever you want them to be
▫ Skinner: Operant-Learning Theory
▫ Bandura: Social Cognitive/Learning Theory
Children are active – partake in behaviour that will get them rewards or
to avoid punishment
3. Constructivist Framework
• Development is due to biological and environmental influences
▫ Occurs in qualitative shifts
▫ Children play an active role in their development
▫ Children have an active role in their own development
• Theories:
▫ Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Theory
▫ Information Processing Theory
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
4. Cultural-Context Framework
• Development is due to both biological and environmental influences, but influences
development through culture
• Reuies hilde ad adults to e a atie patiipat i hilde’s deelopet
• Development occurs gradually – building on skills
• Theories:
▫ Vygotsky: Sociocultural Theory
• Children learn through finely tuned interactions with others who are
more competent
5. Developmental Systems
• Development is due to both biological and environmental influences and these
influences interact with each other
• Environments interact with one another
▫ Some directly and indirectly with the child
• Children actively influence the environments that influence their development
(bidirectional influence)
• Theories:
▫ Thelen & Smith: Dynamic Systems
▫ Eccles: Goodness of Fit Model
▫ Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Systems
▫ View the context of
human development as a
series of systems
imbedded within other
systems
▫ Interaction between
child and the setting that
they inhabit or influences
them on a daily basis
▫ Daily basis –
microsystems
▫ Narrowest to widest
– smaller to larger but not
interacting with a child on
a daily basis
▫ Micro – daily basis – home - these settings are related
▫ Meso – microsystems interacting with each other – interactions within – home
and school interact on parent teacher night, school + community on a field trip
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Week 2: frameworks, research strategies, and genes & the. Overview of lecture: frameworks and theories, research methods and strategies, genetics and the environment. Frameworks: frameworks way of organizing different theoretical perspectives on human development. Each of the frameworks represents a different stance on the essential questions: theory. Often focus on a specific area of development: biological & maturation framework, de(cid:448)elop(cid:373)e(cid:374)t o(cid:272)(cid:272)u(cid:396)s f(cid:396)o(cid:373) (cid:449)ithi(cid:374) the o(cid:396)ga(cid:374)is(cid:373) as a (cid:396)esult of the o(cid:396)ga(cid:374)is(cid:373)"s (cid:271)iologi(cid:272)al heritage. Biological factors of development: environmental influences take a backseat to biological influences, theories: biological + maturation framework. Experience plays a smaller role just helps us meet and attain biological drives. Child is passive largely at the mercy of other people. Child can also be considered active because they can use their drives to get other ppl to give them what they want. Believed we all go through these stages in the same order.
