ADM 2336 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement, Goal Orientation
16 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Learning and Decision Making
Learning Defined
Permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from
experience
Employees learn two types of knowledges
Explicit
Easy to communicate and teach
□
§
Tacit
More difficult to communicate, gained with experience
□
§
○
Explicit + Tacit = Expertise
○
•
Methods of Learning
How do employees learn
Reinforcement
Methods used to induce desirable and reduce undesirable
behaviours
§
Operant Conditioning components
We learn by observing the link between our behaviour
and the consequences
®
Antecedent
Condition that precedes behaviour
®
Manager set specific and difficult goals
®
□
Behaviour
Action performed by employee
®
Employee meets assigned goal
®
□
Consequences
Result occurs after behaviour
®
Employee received a bonus
®
Consequences either…
…increase probability of repeating behaviour
◊
…decrease probability of repeating behaviour
◊
4 specific consequences used to modify employee
behaviour called contingencies of reinforcement
◊
®
□
§
Increasing probability of desirable behaviour - reinforcement
Positive
Adding or giving something pleasant after behaviour
®
□
Negative
Removing something unpleasant after the behaviour
®
Not as effective as positive reinforcement
®
□
§
Decreasing probability of undesirable behaviour - punishment
Positive
Adding or giving something unpleasant after behaviour
®
□
Negative
Removing something pleasant after the behaviour
®
□
§
Decreasing probability of undesirable behaviour
Extinction
Removing a pleasant outcome that used to follow
undesirable behaviour
®
Implies that undesirable behaviour had previously been
positively reinforced
®
No longer in person's interest to repeat behaviour
®
□
§
Contingencies of reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Consequence is added
®
Wanted outcome
®
Increases desired behaviours
®
□
Extinction
Consequence is removed
®
Wanted outcome
®
Decreases unwanted behaviours
®
□
Punishment
Consequence is added
®
Unwanted outcome
®
Decreases unwanted behaviours
®
□
Negative reinforcement
Consequence is removed
®
Unwanted outcome
®
Increases desired behaviours
®
□
§
Schedules of positive reinforcement
Continuous
Like a praise
®
□
Interval-based (time period between reinforcements)
Fixed
Like a paycheque
◊
®
Variable
Like a supervisor walk-by
◊
®
□
Ratio-based (number of behavioural manifestations between
reinforcements)
Fixed
Like piece-pay
◊
®
Variable
Like commission pay
◊
®
□
§
○
Observation
Learn through observation of others
§
Social learning theory + behavioural modelling
§
○
Goal orientation
○
•
Class 13 -Mar. 1st
Thursday, March 1, 2018
14:22
Learning and Decision Making
Learning Defined
Permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from
experience
Employees learn two types of knowledges
Explicit
Easy to communicate and teach□
§
Tacit
More difficult to communicate, gained with experience □
§
○
Explicit + Tacit = Expertise
○
•
Methods of Learning
How do employees learn
Reinforcement
Methods used to induce desirable and reduce undesirable
behaviours
§
Operant Conditioning components
We learn by observing the link between our behaviour
and the consequences
®
Antecedent
Condition that precedes behaviour
®
Manager set specific and difficult goals
®
□
Behaviour
Action performed by employee
®
Employee meets assigned goal
®
□
Consequences
Result occurs after behaviour
®
Employee received a bonus
®
Consequences either…
…increase probability of repeating behaviour
◊
…decrease probability of repeating behaviour
◊
4 specific consequences used to modify employee
behaviour called contingencies of reinforcement
◊
®
□
§
Increasing probability of desirable behaviour - reinforcement
Positive
Adding or giving something pleasant after behaviour
®
□
Negative
Removing something unpleasant after the behaviour
®
Not as effective as positive reinforcement
®
□
§
Decreasing probability of undesirable behaviour - punishment
Positive
Adding or giving something unpleasant after behaviour
®
□
Negative
Removing something pleasant after the behaviour
®
□
§
Decreasing probability of undesirable behaviour
Extinction
Removing a pleasant outcome that used to follow
undesirable behaviour
®
Implies that undesirable behaviour had previously been
positively reinforced
®
No longer in person's interest to repeat behaviour
®
□
§
Contingencies of reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Consequence is added
®
Wanted outcome
®
Increases desired behaviours
®
□
Extinction
Consequence is removed
®
Wanted outcome
®
Decreases unwanted behaviours
®
□
Punishment
Consequence is added
®
Unwanted outcome
®
Decreases unwanted behaviours
®
□
Negative reinforcement
Consequence is removed
®
Unwanted outcome
®
Increases desired behaviours
®
□
§
Schedules of positive reinforcement
Continuous
Like a praise
®
□
Interval-based (time period between reinforcements)
Fixed
Like a paycheque
◊
®
Variable
Like a supervisor walk-by
◊
®
□
Ratio-based (number of behavioural manifestations between
reinforcements)
Fixed
Like piece-pay
◊
®
Variable
Like commission pay
◊
®
□
§
○
Observation
Learn through observation of others
§
Social learning theory + behavioural modelling
§
○
Goal orientation
○
•
Class 13 -Mar. 1st
Thursday, March 1, 2018 14:22
