ANP 1105 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Insulin Receptor, Irs2, Circadian Rhythm

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Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients, as well as binding globulins. Environmental changes, e. g. , of light or temperature. Induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Activation or inhibition of the immune system. Preparation for mating, fighting, feeling, and other activity. Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cgmp) is second messenger for some hormones. Atrial natriuretic peptide-initiated cgmp pathways regulate vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation and angiogenesis in blood vessels. E. g, insulin receptor is tyrosine kinase enzyme that autophosphorylates upon insulin binding -> docking for relay proteins that trigger cell responses. Hepatic irs1 and irs2 function in a distinct manner in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. -- in type 2-diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, the muscle, fat, and liver become resistant to insulin: recent developments place dysregulation of insulin receptor substrate (irs) expression and activation at the center of such defects.

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