BIO 3124 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Fungicide

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erinpug43

5 Feb 2018

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Three approaches for the control of microbial growth. Chemical: reduces viability, but not necessarily the number of individuals. Would reduce the viable count, but wouldn"t affect the direct count. Reduces viable count but doesn"t affect direct count. Cleaning: the elimination of visible adherent dirt (blood, proteins, debris, etc. ), dust, or other foreign matter by manual or chemical processes. Does not infer the presence or absence of microorganisms. Disinfection: the use of chemical or physical agents to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Goal is usually to reduce the number of microorganisms, not necessarily sterilize. Disinfectants: chemical products used on inanimate objects. Germicides: chemical products which can be used on either animate or inanimate things. Antiseptics: chemical products used on living tissues. Contaminant: the intruder: need to know who should be there and who shouldn"t in order to determine what is the contaminant. Decontamination: operation used to reduce of eliminate a contaminant.

Related Questions

Answer the following question by determining whether you woulduse a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL agent to control microbial growth andthen NAME and DESCRIBE which physical or chemical method would bepreferred out of the following:

DRY HEAT, MOIST HEAT,PASTEURIZATION, IONIZING RADIATION, NON-IONIZING RADIATION,FILTRATION, PHENOLICS, HALOGENS, ALCOHOLS, SURFACTANTS, HYDROGENPEROXIDE, HEAVY MEATALS, SOAPS, ALDEHYDES, PERACETIC ACID

( Answer can be used more thanonce)

1/ A liquid drug is heat sensitive

2/ You are camping and have run out of water. You come upon astream. You are not sure how clean the water is. What would besafest method of ensuring the water drinkable

3/ The site of incision before surgery must be free of microbesin order to decreased infection

4/ Your childreb are on a farm and petting the animals. What isthe appropiate way to remove microbes from their hands

5/ Removing mold growing on surfaces in the home

6/ You are inoculating broth tubes with different bacteria eachfrom different streak plates. How would you make sure inoculatingyourbroth with one type of bacteria

7/ Treatment used on milk products to lower microbial counts

8/ Solutions, lines and instrument used during surgery

9/ Prefered treatment usedon food & dairy equipment

10/ A patient has a deep wound that is contaminated withanaerobic microorganisms

11/ Killing microbes onthe surface of meat, fruits andvegetables

harlequinleopard627

Review Questions for Chapter 5: Control of Microbial Growth

1. Consider the following statement: âThorough handwashing with soap and water is the most important step in stopping the spread of many infectious diseasesâ.

a. Explain this statement.

b. Following thorough handwashing with soap, are your hands sterile? Why or why not?

2. If pasteurization does not achieve sterilization, why is pasteurization used to treat food? Why not just heat the food instead?

3. Consider the use of salts and sugars to preserve food.

a. How do salts and sugars preserve foods?

b. Why are these considered physical rather than chemical methods of microbial control?

c. Name one food that is preserved with sugar and one preserved with salt.

d. How do you account for the occasional growth of Penicillium mold in jelly, which is 50% sucrose?

4. Consider dried fruit you can buy at the store (e.g., raisins, pineapples, figs, dates, etc.) Dried fruits date back thousands of years B.C.

a. Why is this such an effective method of preserving food? Suggest several possibilities.

b. Fruit is often dried by being placed outside in the open under the sun in conditions that are not exactly sanitized. Why is this practice generally very safe?

5. There is great concern over healthcare-associated infections.

a. Why are healthcare settings such a âgoodâ place to catch infectious diseases? List several reasons.

b. What are several effective approaches that healthcare settings can take to minimize the spread of infectious disease?

6. Flying on an airplane includes lots of individuals in close quarters for potentially long periods of time.

a. What technology do you think airplanes use to reduce the amount of microbes from the air?

b. Despite this control method, there have been a number of documented cases of individuals infected with tuberculosis infecting other passengers during a flight. Explain how you think this happened. Which patients are at highest risk for infection, and what does this tell you about the effectiveness of microbial control on an airplane?

7. The thermal death time for a suspension of Bacillus subtilis endospores is 20 minutes in dry heat and less than 10 minutes in an autoclave. Which type of heat is more effective? Why?

8. A large hospital washes burn patients in a stainless steel tub. After each patient, the tub is cleaned with a quat. It was noticed that 14 of 20 burn patients acquired Pseudomonas infections

after being bathed. Provide an explanation for this high rate of infection.

9. If youâre on a municipal water supply, the water coming out of your faucet is chlorinated at the water treatment plant.

a. Is the water coming out of your faucet sterile?

b. Does the water still contain chlorine?

c. What are advantages and disadvantages of chlorine compared with other approaches (e.g., UV treatment, treatment with ozone).

10. You are a member of Engineers Without Borders, and your local chapter has been asked by a rural village in Thailand to assist them with improving their water supply, which they suspect of making villagers sick. The village has piping infrastructure that delivers water through a series of pipes to each household. Upon your initial site assessment of the village, you and your team determine that the water has high turbidity (particulate material) as well as a high bacterial count.

a. Design a strategy for treating the water to make it safe to drink that still relies upon the distribution system. Note that you may make some reasonable assumptions about conditions in the village (e.g., availability of electricity if you wish).

b. Identify some possible limitations of your approach.

11. A low technology approach to treating water in rural locations is to fill clear plastic soda bottles with water and leave it out all day in the sun (e.g., up on a roof).

a. What two factors are most likely at work in controlling microbes in these conditions?

b. What impact does each factor have on the microbes? Be specific.

amberraven287

receptor	Agonist	antagonist


a1	Norephinephrine	Phenylephrine
a2	Phenoxybenzamine	Prazosin
B1	Clonidine	Yohimbine
	Norephinephrine	Propranolol
	Epinephrine	Metoprolol
	Isoproterenol
	Dobutamine
B2	Epinephrine	Proranolol
	Norepinephrine	Butoxamine
	Isoproterenol
	Albuterol


Nicotinic	Ach	Curare
	Nicotine
		Hexamethonium
Muscarinic	Ach	Atropine

Assume all the chemicals in the table are available to you.

You are given a piece of smooth muscle tissue, you stimulate it with Norepinephrine and find the muscle responds with contractions. Your hypothesis is that the muscle contraction is caused by the activation of Î±1 adrenergic receptors. Now you need to design an experiment protocol to test your hypothesis.

Background knowledge: The figure below is an experiment setup, the red tissue in the organ bath is the smooth muscle tissues. In this kind of experiment smooth muscle tissue is minimally stretched vertically by two hooks or clips in the organ bath filled with physiological saline solution (PSS). Agonist is added to the PSS to challenge the muscle tissue, muscle contraction is sensed by a force transducer at the top and force is recorded by a computer. Adding antagonist before adding agonist blocks agonist action. PSS may or may not be changed, it depends on your purposes, e.g. if you want to block a type receptors, then you do not want change PSS after you add antagonist to the PSS. Your correct step is that you add antagonist to PSS, wait some time, and add agonist, you keep both antagonist and agonist in the PSS so that you can judge if the receptor blockage by antagonist abolish the agonist action.

The key to this assignment is that you eliminate possible cross-activities of agonists. Cross-activity means an agonist activate more than one types of receptors, you need block each type of the receptor in order to see what type of the receptor is activate to cause contraction. This muscle tissue can have both Î± and Î² receptor types and their subtypes, you need to demonstrate convincingly that you only stimulate Î±1 receptors.

Write an experimental protocol to demonstrate your work, for each step in the protocol you write the chemical(s) you add, why you add, what result you are expecting to see e.g. contract, relax, no response. If the step is to wash the tissue with fresh PSS, then you do not need to indicate the responses.

Here is an example of the answer.

step	chemical added	response
1.	epinephrine, activate alpha and beta receptors,	blood vessel ring contract slightly.
2.	wash with PSS
3.	alpha receptor antagonist and norepinerphine, block NE activating alpha receptor.	blood vessel ring should not contract.
4.	wash with PSS
5.	â¦	â¦
6.	â¦	â¦

Discuss your protocol to show the relation between activation of Î±1 receptors and the vascular smooth muscle contraction.Design the experiemnt and its conclusion/ results.

BIO 3124 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Fungicide

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