BCH 4123 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Glycosylation, Glucose Tolerance Test, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

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Gluconeogenesis for anaerobic metabolism as lactate reconverted to glucose. Ketogenesis when glycogen stores are depleted: produces acetyl-coa to feed tca. Hormonal regulation: aimed at preventing hypoglycemia. Shifts glucose from extracellular to intracellular space: glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol. Insulin release: glucose transport into cells, glycogenesis. Asting state: decreased blood glucose, glycogenolysis in liver, glucose release. Type 1 is 5-10% cases: autoimmune attack on cells. Type 2: usually diagnosed about 40yo but getting younger. Requires more insulin than normal to regulate glucose levels: associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes: more hyperglycemic hormones present during pregnancy. Placental lactogen: conserves glucose for growing fetus, pregnant women have lower blood glucose during pregnancy. Increased risk of mother developing type 2 in the future. Increased risk of developing diabetes: underlying cause is metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome: caused by obesity and inactivity which leads to insulin resistance. Decreased affinity of receptor for insulin: predisposed by obesity.

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