BPS 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Herbalism, Ginkgo Biloba

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Nutraceuticals
Nutrient & Pharmaceutical
Modern migration towards herbal remedies
Organic products are becoming popular
o No additives
o No synthetic pesticides
Can use synthetic but they need to be the same as the ones found in nature
o No synthetic fertilizer
o No GMO’s
Look for the seal on the product (USDA Organic or Canada organic) that indicates the company
has been audited
No regulations over use of the term natural
o Natural can be attached to anything
o Purchased with the word natural can mean anything. Look for the word organic
Herbal remedies used by 40% of population
o $20 Billion business
Production of Herbals
Grown industrially
o Mass produced
o Very few rules control the distribution, marketing and experiments that are done
Can do, make, and claim whatever you want
May not always get what you think you are getting
Modern Drugs
Standardized material
o Every pill has the exact amount of substance stated to be in them
o Purified substances
o Consistent doses
Herbal remedies are not standardized
o Wide variation in the amount of material in them
o Do’t really ko hat’ i the?
o Extract
Can end up with different amounts of active ingredient (Variation)
Ex. Coffee depending on the extraction you can get different amounts of the
active ingredient/amount of things within the coffee @ the end of the process
o Testing is limited or nonexistent
Safety is based on past history
Adverse event reporting is not required
Efficacy based on previous reports
- Doctrine of signatures
- Doctrine of humors
- Anecdotal evidence
No follow up on the products put on the market
Which omega-3 is in your fish oil?
o Variability in the quality and quantity
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Echinacea
Popular herbal remedy
Used to treat colds
In reality it has no effect on colds
Original ingredients in snake oil
o Was a cure for arthritis
o When you have arthritis it is difficult to move your joints
Snakes are able to move around so they must have some lubricant in them
which makes them not get arthritis like humans do
CLAIM: Supposed to help lubricate your joints and make arthritis go away
It actually worked
Tested clinically
o Not effective in treating colds
o Does not help reduce cold symptoms
Cold-fX
Popular cold remedy
To see the benefits of this drug
o Combine the data of the 2 trials
Clinical studies are low quality
o Manipulated the clinical trials
o Neither clinical trial showed any benefits so they combined the data
Ginseng root on the label
o resembles a human body so it must be good for the body
Ginko Biloba
Taken as a smart drug
Active ingredient= Ginkolides
o Increase blood circulation in the brain
People think this help their brain work better
RESULT FROM TESTING
o Circulation does not translate to improved brain function
Interferes with blood clotting
Saw Palmento
Supports your prostate health
Used for benign prostate hyperplasia
Garlic
Egyptians used it to improve strength
Garlic cleansing
o Adolphus Hohensee
o Insert a garlic clove into a persons rectum
o Over time the person develops garlic breath, believed to breath out all the toxins
People like visible effects
o Ex. Alka Seltzer
Baking soda with citric acid
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Neutralizes stomach acid
o Assume that something works better if you see something that is physically occurring
Allicin thought to affect cholesterol
Active ingredient in Garlic= Allicin
o Unstable molecule that gives the garlicy flavor
Allicin
o Unstable is easily converted to another form after sitting for a long period of time
o Produces 2 substances (allyl mercaptan, allyl methylsulfide)
o Garlic breath: literally your breath where the material has decomposed in the stomach
Fresh garlic contains the most alliin
Garlic uses allicin for protection
o Garlic has the 2 chemicals: alliin and alliinase
Humans like the taste of allicin
o Tingly sensation on the tongue
Allicin has no impact on overall cholesterol levels
o Garlic does not reduce cholesterol
St. John’s Worts
Popular supplement taken for depression
Trials studies
o Does not improve depression
Herbal remedies are regulated as foods
Do’t hae ay regulatios i ters of hat a e sold
No efficacy testing is required
Clinical trials with herbals are poorly done
No placebo is used
Small groups of subjects
o Large #’s gie you ore aurate results
o Small studies are an easy way to get positive results
High attrition rates
Publication bias
o Only publish the positive results
o Easier to pulish thigs that say soethig orks rather tha soethig that does’t
work
Many natural supplements do not contain the active ingredient
Decaffeinated tea
Can sell more than one thing from a single product without being told what is a part of each one
Ex. Tea leaves Extract (tea) -- Caffeine
Purity of Natural Supplements??
Pesticide residue
Heavy metals
Undeclared pharmaceuticals
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