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CHM 2123 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Hydrophile, Nucleophile, Magnesium

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17 Dec 2017

School

University of Ottawa

Department

Course

Professor

Katherine Mc Gilvray

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Document Summary

Experiment 8 hydrolysis of an unknown ester + study of fats. Ester is usually in high amounts (more favoured). ding water could push reaction forward (le chatelier"s) but esters are insoluble in water. Carboxylic acid immediately reacts with base to give a carboxylate and alcohol. The neutralization equivalent is the quantity of ester (in grams) that reacts with an equivalent of base (in moles) When mono-esters are hydrolyzed, the neutralization equivalent = molar mass. Known mass of ester reacts with excess base (known molarity) Find moles of base that is left via titration. This is = to the moles of ester (1:1 ratio) Use mass and moles of ester to find molar mass (neutralization equivalent) Distillation: used when there is a large difference between the boiling points of two compounds in solution (ex; in a solution of methanol and an ester, you can distill the methanol to separate it) Unsaturated fats are commonly soft/liquid because of hindered stacking (weaker imfs)

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Related Questions

Can anyone tell me how to get the percent and theoretical yield here?

- 2129 11 W- CH 4521-6: Fischer Esterification Introduction Esters are among the most widespread of all naturaly liquids that are responsible for the pleasant odors of fruits and flowers. Examples are ethyl cinnamate, whic occurring.compounds. Many simple esters are fragrant Ts the smell of cinnamon, and isobutyl acetate, contributing to the aroma of cherries, raspberries and of giycerol and fatty acids Esters are characterized by having the functional group:RO.R,where Escher esterification. This reaction refluxes a carboxylic acid inan . However, the most common esters found in nature are fats and ble oils, which are esters a carbon is double-bonded to one alcohol, creating the ester plus water as oxygen atom and sin The most classic method for creating an ester is the products: estor orer alcohai +R-OH catalyst A strong acid, traditionally sulfurits acid, is used as a catalst. Since the reaction is at equilbrium, simply reacting one mole of asid with one mole of alcohol will give a mixnture of starting materals and yield of the product may be improved using le Chatelier's principle: . Using the alcohol as a solvent (le. arge excess wil hlp push the equllbrium to the right By sequestering water (a reaction product), the equilibrium is pushed to the right. The use of a solvent which forms low-bolling azeatropes with water, such as toluene, in conjunction with a Dean-Stark apparatus has a similar effect, as is the use of other drying agents like molecular sieves Since low molecular weight esters typically have lower boling points than their parent carboxylic acids and alcohols because they are not able to form hydrogen bonds, the ester products may be distilled out of the reaction vessel as they are formed. By removing the ester product in a reactive distillation, the equilibrium once again lies to the righ For today's experiment, you will be able to choose which sweet-smelling ester you want to make. The table of reactants below gives you an idea of the range of smells. An ester will esterification reaction. This reaction involves mixing an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water. The reaction is reversible and an example is shown below be synthesized using the Fischer catalyst acetc acid propanopropyl acetate (pear) 47

What is the procedure I should use? write out the steps using information provided and any online references if needed.

Chern 204-PSL 8 Synthesis of Soap ç(Work in Individirally The Intent of this Lab Present a plan which when followed synthesizes soap from household shortening Introduction Animal fats are rich in triglycerides (gl this combination hydr gone days, soap was made by heating water, wood ashes and the rendered down fat of the latest kill. ycerol esters) and wood ashes are a source of NaOH and KOH. When is heated together in water, the ester groups of the fat undergo nucleophilic attack by the oxide to release glycerol and three molecules of long chain carboxylic acids as their sodium and potassium salts (soap!). Base catalyzed ester hydrolysis is called saponification (soaponification?) Today, we shall be substituting shortening for bear fat and NaOH for wood ashes to make soap. PartA Given: Experimental -Ester Hvdrolysis Shortening (4 g), 95% ethanol ( 1 S mL), NaOH (2 g), water(10 mL) A lab with glassware, organic and inorganic compounds Useful hints Present the written group plan to your instructor which outlines how the ester groups of fat are to be base hydrolyzed to produce carboxylate anions and glycerol. Reflux an ethanolic shortening solution with an aqueous base solution for 30 minutes Objective: Hints: sure all ground glass joints are wiped clean of base solution or they will seize up Part B-workup Given: Reaction mixture from part A, NaCI (12 g), water (50 mL). Glassware ete. Useful hints. Objective: Present the written group plan to your instructor which outlines how the carboxylate anions are to be precipitated as the sodium salt and so make soap. Cold aqueous salt solutions are good sources of sodium ions. Use a J-cloth to filter the crystals. You will have to gently squeeze the cloth to remove the NaOH solution. Discard the NaOH filtrate. Be careful of strong base solutions! Wear gloves!! Wash the crystals with ice water and again isolate the product. Place the product on a paper towel with wax paper under the paper towel. Use the paper towel HintsCo to dry the product and make a cute shape out it. t Store in your section's locker and allow to dry 65

This is all the info we are given to make our own procedure.

help me answer these questions.

Chern 204-PSL 8 Synthesis of Soap ç(Work in Individirally The Intent of this Lab Present a plan which when followed synthesizes soap from household shortening Introduction Animal fats are rich in triglycerides (gl this combination hydr gone days, soap was made by heating water, wood ashes and the rendered down fat of the latest kill. ycerol esters) and wood ashes are a source of NaOH and KOH. When is heated together in water, the ester groups of the fat undergo nucleophilic attack by the oxide to release glycerol and three molecules of long chain carboxylic acids as their sodium and potassium salts (soap!). Base catalyzed ester hydrolysis is called saponification (soaponification?) Today, we shall be substituting shortening for bear fat and NaOH for wood ashes to make soap. PartA Given: Experimental -Ester Hvdrolysis Shortening (4 g), 95% ethanol ( 1 S mL), NaOH (2 g), water(10 mL) A lab with glassware, organic and inorganic compounds Useful hints Present the written group plan to your instructor which outlines how the ester groups of fat are to be base hydrolyzed to produce carboxylate anions and glycerol. Reflux an ethanolic shortening solution with an aqueous base solution for 30 minutes Objective: Hints: sure all ground glass joints are wiped clean of base solution or they will seize up Part B-workup Given: Reaction mixture from part A, NaCI (12 g), water (50 mL). Glassware ete. Useful hints. Objective: Present the written group plan to your instructor which outlines how the carboxylate anions are to be precipitated as the sodium salt and so make soap. Cold aqueous salt solutions are good sources of sodium ions. Use a J-cloth to filter the crystals. You will have to gently squeeze the cloth to remove the NaOH solution. Discard the NaOH filtrate. Be careful of strong base solutions! Wear gloves!! Wash the crystals with ice water and again isolate the product. Place the product on a paper towel with wax paper under the paper towel. Use the paper towel HintsCo to dry the product and make a cute shape out it. t Store in your section's locker and allow to dry 65