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PHI 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Deductive Reasoning, Inductive Reasoning, Co-Premise

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rosetermite420
23 May 2018
School
University of Ottawa
Department
Philosophy
Course
PHI 1101
Professor
Sascha Maicher

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Chapter 2
Arguments always have two parts, a premise(s) and a conclusion !
The same statement can be a premise in one argument and a conclusion in a second argument !
The two fundamental types of reasoning are deductive demonstration and inductive support !
A deductive argument is used to demonstrate or prove a conclusion, which it does if it is sound !
An argument is sound if it is valid and its premise(s) is true !
An argument is valid if it isn’t possible for its premise(s) to be true and its conclusion to be false !
An inductive argument is used to support rather than to demonstrate a conclusion !
An argument supports a conclusion if it increases the likelihood that the conclusion is true !
Support is a matter of degrees: an argument supports a conclusion to the extent its premise(s)
makes the conclusion likely !
An argument that offers more support for a conclusion is said to be the stronger than one that
offers less support; the latter is said to be weaker that the former !
Some instructors use the word “strong” in an absolute sense to denote inductive arguments
whose premise(s) makes the conclusion more likely than not !
If it doesn’t make sense to think an argument as providing evidence or support for a
contention, it is probably because it is a deductive argument !
Inductive arguments and deductive arguments can have unstated premises !
Whether an argument is deductive or inductive may depend on what the unstated premise is
said to be !
If an argument is written, diagramming it may help you understand it !
Balance of considerations reasoning often involves deductive and inductive elements !
Influence to best explanation is common type of inductive reasoning in which the conclusion
explain the cause of something
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Document Summary

Arguments always have two parts, a premise(s) and a conclusion. The same statement can be a premise in one argument and a conclusion in a second argument. The two fundamental types of reasoning are deductive demonstration and inductive support. A deductive argument is used to demonstrate or prove a conclusion, which it does if it is sound. An argument is sound if it is valid and its premise(s) is true. An argument is valid if it isn"t possible for its premise(s) to be true and its conclusion to be false. An inductive argument is used to support rather than to demonstrate a conclusion. An argument supports a conclusion if it increases the likelihood that the conclusion is true. Support is a matter of degrees: an argument supports a conclusion to the extent its premise(s) makes the conclusion likely.

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6. Ocean waves are traveling te the east at 4. 7 m/s with a distance of 19 m between crests. (a) With what frequency do the waves hit the front of a boat when the boat Is at anchor?
(          ) HZ 

(b) With what frequency do the waves hit the front of a boat when the boat Is moving westward at 1.5 m/s? 
 (          ) HZ

7.

A circus performer stretches s tightrope between two towers. He strikes ane end of the rope and sends a wave atong it toward the other tower He notes that It takes the

wave 0. 840 s to reach the opposite tower, 20.0 m away If s 1.00-m length of the rope has a mass of 0.260 kg, find the tension In the tightrope .
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8.  Transverse waves with a speed of 52. 0 m/s are to be produced on a stretched string A    5 .20-m length of string with a total mass of 0.0600 kg Is used. 

{a) What is the required tension in the string? 
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    (             )m/s . ?

9.A wave of amplitude 0 .53 m interferes with a second wave of amplitude 0 .19 m traveling in the same direction. 

(a) What Is the largest resultant amplitude that can occur, and under what conditions will this maximum arise? 

(           ) m 

1.The two waves interfere destructively, 

2.The two waves interfere constructively. 

(b) What is the smallest resultant amplitude that cah occur, and under what conditions will this minimum arise? 
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1.The two waves interfere destructively 

2.The two waves interfere constructively 


10.

A certain tuning fork vibrates at a frequency of 161 Hz while each tip of Its two prongs has an amplitude of 0. 724 mm .

(a) What ts the per od of this motlon?
(          )ms .

(b) Find the wavelength of the sound produced by the vibrating fork taking the speed of sound in alr to be 343 m/s.
  (          ) m .

  1. Please solve all questions  as early as possible.

    (1). Light waves are electromagnetic waves that traval at 3. 00 x 10^8 m/s. The aye Is most sensitive to light having a wavelength of 5. 50 x 10^-7m. {a} Find the frequency of this light wave Hz = 

    Find  the frequency  of this light wave (HZ)
    and its period(S).

    2.The distance between two successive minima of a transverse wave is 3.00 m. Five full crest Intervals of the wave pass  given point along the direction of travel every 

    14.2 s.

    (a) Find the frequency of the wave Hz 

    (b} Find the wave speed m/s 
    3.

    A harmonic wave bs traveling slong a repe It is observed that the oscillator that generates the wave completes 36.0 vibrations In 35.0 s Also, a given maximum travels 430 cm along the rope in 9.0 s What Is the wavelength in cm ?

    4.

    A bat can detect small objects, such as an insect, whose size is approximately equal to one wavelength of the sound the bat makes. If bats emit a chirp at a Frequency of

    8.54 x 10^4 Hz, and if the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, what is the smallest Insect a bat can detect in mm ?

    5. A cork on the surface of 5 pond bobs up and down two times per second an Hippies having a wavelength of 9.50 cm .If the cork is 11.5 m fram shore, how long does it take a tipple passing the cork to reach the shore ?
      (        )S.

6. Ocean waves are traveling te the east at 4. 7 m/s with a distance of 19 m between crests. (a) With what frequency do the waves hit the front of a boat when the boat Is at anchor?
(          ) HZ 

(b) With what frequency do the waves hit the front of a boat when the boat Is moving westward at 1.5 m/s? 
 (          ) HZ

7. A circus performer stretches s tightrope between two towers. He strikes ane end of the rope and sends a wave atong it toward the other tower He notes that It takes the

wave 0. 840 s to reach the opposite tower, 20.0 m away If s 1.00-m length of the rope has a mass of 0.260 kg, find the tension In the tightrope .
(            ) N ?.

8.  Transverse waves with a speed of 52. 0 m/s are to be produced on a stretched string A    5 .20-m length of string with a total mass of 0.0600 kg Is used. 

{a) What is the required tension in the string? 
(           )N
(b} Calculate the wave speed in the string if the tension Is 8. 00 N. 
    (             )m/s . ?

9.A wave of amplitude 0 .53 m interferes with a second wave of amplitude 0 .19 m traveling in the same direction. 

(a) What Is the largest resultant amplitude that can occur, and under what conditions will this maximum arise? 

(           ) m 

1.The two waves interfere destructively, 

2.The two waves interfere constructively. 

(b) What is the smallest resultant amplitude that cah occur, and under what conditions will this minimum arise? 
(             ) m

1.The two waves interfere destructively 

2.The two waves interfere constructively 


10. A certain tuning fork vibrates at a frequency of 161 Hz while each tip of Its two prongs has an amplitude of 0. 724 mm .

(a) What ts the per od of this motion?
(          )ms .

(b) Find the wavelength of the sound produced by the vibrating fork taking the speed of sound in alr to be 343 m/s.
  (          ) m .