PHI 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Venn Diagram, Contraposition
1 Jun 2018
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Chapter 9
The four types of categorial claims include A, E, I, and O!
There are Venn diagrams for the four types of claims !
Ordinary English claims can be translated into standard-form categorical claims. Some rules of
thumb for such transitions are as follows: !
-“only” introduces predicate term of A-claim !
-“the only” introduces subject term of A-claim !
-Whenever” means times or occasions !
-“wherever” means places or locations !
-Claims about individuals are treated as A- or E-claims !
The square of opposition displays contradiction, contrariety, and subcontrariety among
corresponding standard-form claims !
Conversion, observation, and contraposition are three relations that result from operations
performed on standard-form claims; some are equivalent to the original, and some are not !
Categorical syllogisms syllogisms are standardized deductive arguments; we can test them for
validity by the Venn diagram method or by the rules method - the latter relies on the notions of
distributions and the affirmative and negative qualities of the claims involved
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Document Summary
The four types of categorial claims include a, e, i, and o. There are venn diagrams for the four types of claims. Ordinary english claims can be translated into standard-form categorical claims. Some rules of thumb for such transitions are as follows: The only introduces subject term of a-claim. Claims about individuals are treated as a- or e-claims. The square of opposition displays contradiction, contrariety, and subcontrariety among corresponding standard-form claims. Conversion, observation, and contraposition are three relations that result from operations performed on standard-form claims; some are equivalent to the original, and some are not.
