PHI 2396 Lecture Notes - Deontological Ethics, Sperm Donation, Gene Therapy

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ceriseskunk149

21 Oct 2012

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Resnick"s thesis: we should make a distinction between genetic therapy and genetic enhancement (the distinction doesn"t mark a firm moral boundary between moral and immoral genetic intervention). Genetic therapy and genetic enhancement and health: two approaches to health and disease: descriptive and value- laden. Descriptive: normal is typical and anything that does not fall under the species-typical traits is considered abnormal. Genetic therapy should not be considered a threat to normality" but genetic enhancement performed on healthy people, should be. But the descriptive approach can"t tell us whether one or the other is moral or immoral. The value-laden approach: our understanding of health and disease is based on moral, cultural and social norms. Under this approach, genetic therapy is morally good because it helps us fight disease which is considered bad. Resnick: the answer depends on the scope of our definitions of health and disease.

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I often find myself dragging my luggage through airports. Assumethat my luggage has a mass of 5.0 kg and that the coefficient ofkinetic friction k between the luggage and the airport floor is0.75 (recall that friction = coefficient of kinetic friction xnormal force). I drag the luggage at a constant speed of 3.0 m/s byapplying a force at an angle of 60o to the floor. Assume that Istart from rest and finish my walk at rest.

a. Why would it be difficult to calculate the total effort I expendin dragging my luggage using Newton's laws alone?

b. What is the total work done on the luggage? How does this allowus to get around the problem in part a)?

c. Draw a free-body diagram of all the forces acting on theluggage. Which forces do non-zero work on the luggage? Try tocalculate the work done by me, friction, and the force of gravityas I drag the luggage 100 m from the check-in desk to the gateacross a horizontal floor. Use the fact that you start from restand end at rest. If you get stuck in the math, describe the generalway you would approach this problem: which work would you calculatefirst, which last?

The kinetic theory of gases states that the kinetic energy of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. A relationship between the microscopic properties of the gas molecules and the macroscopic properties of the gas can be derived using the following assumptions: The gas is composed of pointlike particles separated by comparatively large distances. The gas molecules are in continual random motion with collisions being perfectly elastic. The gas molecules exert no long-range forces on each other. One of the most important microscopic properties of gas molecules is velocity. There are several different ways to describe statistically the average velocity of a molecule in a gas. The most obvious measure is the average velocity Vavg. However, since the molecules in a gas are moving in random directions, the average velocity is approximately zero. Another measure of velocity is (V^2)avg, the average squared velocity. Since the square of velocity is always positive, this measure does not average to zero over the entire gas. A third measure is the root-mean-square (rms) speed,Vrms , equal to the square root of (V^2)avg. The rms speed is a good approximation of the the typical speed of the molecules in a gas. This histogram (Figure 1) shows a theoretical distribution of speeds of molecules in a sample of nitrogen () gas. In this problem, you'll use the histogram to compute properties of the gas.

Part A

What is the average speed

of the molecules in the gas?

Part B

Because the kinetic energy of a single molecule is related to its velocity squared, the best measure of the kinetic energy of the entire gas is obtained by computing the mean squared velocity, $(v^2)_{\rm avg}$ , or its square root. The quantityis more common than $(v^2)_{\rm avg}$ because it has the dimensions of velocity instead of the less-familiar velocity-squared.

What is the rms speedof the molecules in the nitrogen gas?

Express your answer numerically to three significant digits.

Part C

What is the temperatureof the sample of $\rm N_2$ gas described in the histogram?

Express your answer in degrees Celsius to three significant figues.

viridianjackal166

Learning Goal: To work through astraightforward application of Faraday's law to find the EMF andthe electric field surrounding a region of increasing flux

Faraday's law describes how electric fields and electromotiveforces are generated from changing magnetic fields. This problem isa prototypical example in which an increasing magnetic fluxgenerates a finite line integral of the electric field around aclosed loop that surrounds the changing magnetic flux through asurface bounded by that loop. A cylindrical iron rod withcross-sectional area is oriented with its symmetry axis coincidentwith the z axis of a cylindrical coordinate system as shown. It hasa uniform magnetic field inside that varies according to . In otherwords, the magentic field is always in the positive z direction,and it has no other components.

For your convenience, we restate Faraday's law here: , where is theline integral of the electric field, and the magnetic flux is givenby , where is the angle between the magnetic field and the localnormal to the surface bounded by the closed loop.
Direction: The line integral and surface integral reverse theirsigns if the reference direction of or is reversed. The right-handrule applies here: If the thumb of your right hand is taken along ,then the fingers point along . You are free to take the loopanywhere you choose, although usually it makes sense to choose itto lie along the path of the circuit you are considering.

Find , the electromotive force (EMF) around a loop that is atdistance from the z axis, where is restricted to the region outsidethe iron rod as shown. Take the direction shown in the figure aspositive.
Express in terms of , , , , and any needed constants such as , ,and .
Due to the cylindrical symmetry of this problem, the inducedelectric field can depend only on the distance from the z axis,where is restricted to the region outside the iron rod. Find thisfield.
Express in terms of quantities given in the introduction (andconstants), using the unit vectors in the cylindrical coordinatesystem,r^ ,theta^ , and z^ .

PHI 2396 Lecture Notes - Deontological Ethics, Sperm Donation, Gene Therapy

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