BIO153H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Antheridium, Spermatophore, Ovoviviparity

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23 Apr 2018

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Evolution is the by-product of (1) chance (2) natural selection (3) accumulation of adaptive traits. Over time, the subsequent generations with survivors differ from their ancestors. Lamarck: use & disuse of body parts. Inheritance of acquired characteristics: natural selection, artificial selection, and adaptation (darwin"s observations, 2 observations and 2 inferences, members of a population are variable (variation) Over time many species will go extinct while new ones arise. Those that survive to the present may have little resemblance to their ancestors. Increases reproductive success of individuals w/ desirable traits influences survivability. Increases match" between organisms and their environment: permits adaptation to new conditions. Artificial selection: humans have modified species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits. Selecting for a specific trait to express a phenotype may result in unexpected, hidden changes, that in turn may be either adaptive or maladaptive traits (i. e. sickle cell anemia)

Related Questions

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

	DNA replication requires primers
	Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication
	RNA is involved in DNA replication
	The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication
	There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

	nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond
	nucleotide, nucleic acid
	amino acid, nucleic acid
	nucleotide, nitrogenous base
	amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

	organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction
	variation in traits is often heritable
	descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity
	organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes
	natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

	Met-Ile-Val
	Asp-Ala-Ser-Met
	Met-Leu-Val
	Ser-Met-Ile-Val
	Gly-Cys

1. If given a biological question, demonstrate your ability to scientifically analyze the problem2. How does the scientific method work?3. How are clinical drug tests conducted?4. What is natural selection, how does it work, and how does it compare to artificial selection?5. How did the ideas of Lamarck differ from those of Darwin?6. What evidence is there for evolution?7. Give examples of homologous/vestigial structures and atavisms8. What is the importance of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and how may it be violated?9. What are the effects of different forms of natural selection?10. How does one construct and read a cladogram?11. How does speciation occur?12. What are different types of reproductive isolating mechanisms?13. What are the types of14. What are major events in the evolution of life and when did they occur?15. What is the basic structure of different types of prokaryotes?16. How does this structure prevent cell lysis?17. How does the arrangement of genetic material allow for rapid reproduction in prokaryotes; how do they maintain genetic diversity?18. What are the Archaea and where are they found?19. What is the theory of endosymbiosis? What is secondary endosymbiosis?20. What are characteristics of the major groups of Protista discussed in class?21. Why is the kingdom Protista not a valid kingdom?22. How does one tell a plant from algae?23. How does the moss life cycle differ from that of other plants?24. How are ferns better adapted to life on land than mosses? How are they still tied to the water?25. What are the major groups of seed and seedless plants discussed in class and how are they different?26. What is the basic plant life cycle?27. Where do plants make sperm and eggs?28. Who are the major groups of seed plants, do any have swimming sperm?29. What benefits do seed plants have over ferns in terms of life on land30. What benefits do flowering plants have over gymnosperms?31. In what ways are angiosperms affected by coevolution with pollinators and herbivores?32. Where are the gametophytes found in seed plants?33. How does sperm get to the egg in seed plants?34. How do wind and animal pollinated flowers differ?35. How do fungi obtain their nutrients?36. In what ways do fungi interact with their environment?37. How do mushroom producing fungi reproduce?38. How do fungi benefit and otherwise affect humans?39. What are traits shared by all animals?40. What are major distinguishing traits of the phyla discussed in biology 2 lecture?Which groups are bilateral etc.41. What groups have parasites or other disease causing organisms?42. Why are arthropods so successful?43. What are traits of Chordates?44. Describe the adaptations to life on land, how do they parallel those seen in plants?45. What makes us Human?46. How is a bird adapted for flight?47. How does available surface area influence fungi, plants and animals?48. What was the significance of van Helmont

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QuestionGroup: #31 Evolution

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Homework

Which of the below statements is NOT TRUE about human evolution?

While the total number of species that existed and the relationships among hominids is still unknown, some of the extinct hominids known today, however, are almost certainly direct ancestors of Homo sapiens.

Human evolution follows the mechanisms of natural selection.

Humans evolved from biological processes that are different from the processes that caused the development of other life forms on earth.

Many of the hominid species are close relatives, but not human ancestors.

Most hominids went extinct without giving rise to other species.

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QuestionGroup: #32 Evolution2

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______________ explains the process by which traits helpful in survival and reproduction become progressively more common in a population over the course of many generations.

Secondary metabolism

Darwinian theory of evolution

Evolutionary arms race

Biodiversity

Lemarkian theory of evolution

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QuestionGroup: #33 Natural selection

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Which of the following is considered to be "the most fit "from an evolutionary perspective?

a tiger who cares for his cubs, two of who live to adulthood.

a tiger who has a harem of many tigresses and one cub.

a tiger who is successful at capturing prey but has no cubs.

a tiger who has many cubs, twelve of which live to adulthood and they subsequently have cubs of their own.

a tiger who overcomes a new disease and lives to have four cubs.

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QuestionGroup: #34 Natural selection 2

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Which of the following is NOT a process of artificial selection?

(1),(2)

(1),(2),(3)

(1) Variation of traits within individuals

(2) Variation in some inheritable traits

(3) Breeders select animals with favorable traits

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QuestionGroup: #35 Evolution & us

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For bipedal movement in primates to occur, which anatomical changes had to take place?

The spine had to have a characteristic single curve

Thigh bone slopes outward from the hip to knee, placing feet under the center of gravity

The surfaces of the joints in legs and between vertebrae are enlarged

All of these are true regarding upright bipedal movement

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QuestionGroup: #36 Evolution & us2

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Neanderthal hominoids had which of the following characteristics?

To make art

Ability to speak

Ability to speak, make art, and were bipedal

Bipedalism

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QuestionGroup: #37 CNS

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Increasing the amplitude of a sound wave does what to the sound?

increases the amplitude

increases the decibels

Increases the harmonics

Increases the volume

Increases the pitch

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QuestionGroup: #38 CNS2

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Juan Manuel Marquez delivered a knockout punch to Manny Pacquiao. Manny cannot remember events that happened before the knock-out. What is this an example of?

Alzheimer's disease

Anterograde amnesia

Psychogenic amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

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QuestionGroup: #39 PNS

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The receptor hair cells in the cochlea respond to the frequency and amplitude of sound. Which group of receptors are most sensitive to sound?

Only those receptors that we normally do not use

Those that respond to low frequencies

Receptors respond equally to all frequencies.

Those that respond to high frequencies

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QuestionGroup: #40 Smooth/skeletal

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During skeletal muscle contraction where does ATP function?

Forms the cross bridges

Attaches to myosin

Causes the thick filaments to form thin filaments

Attaches to actin

BIO153H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Antheridium, Spermatophore, Ovoviviparity

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