Lecture 11 20140425
The Rise of the Punitive Theories
Context: The United States of the 1980s and Early 1990s: The Economic Decline of the United States
By the close of WWII, the U.S.’s share of the world manufacturing was nearly 50%
•
• With military commitments, the U.S.’s position in world manufacturing began to decline
• During the 1980s, defense spending increased rapidly, as the national debt grew at a remarkable speed
• The U.S. faced stiff international competition in many products
Varieties of Conservative Theory
• Five types of conservative theorizing:
1. Revitalize early positivist emphasis on ingrained individual differences
2. Rise of Rational Choice Theory: logical actors choosing crime when the benefit exceeds the
cost.
3. Revitalize psychological approaches that offenders think differently rather than logically
4. Crime linked to the permissive culture or moral poverty—that they trace to developments in the
American society of the 1960s.
5. Focus on public disorganization or incivility as cause of crime not because of enduring poverty
and other social ills but because the police tolerate it.
Crime is seen as conservative because crime is seen as a choice—a choice by individuals who are
impulsive, stupid, psychopathic “super predators,” calculating, raised in moral—not economic—poverty,
and/or allowed to “break windows” without fear of consequence.
Logic of these theories
• Theories deny economic inequality or concentrated disadvantage populations.
Rather, crime is considered a choice (a rational choice) by individuals
•
• The policy response is to enhance deterrence and punishment through get tough policies
Wilson and Herrnstein: Assessing Crime and Human Nature
• Their work implied that certain biological predispositions found disproportionately among the poor and
may be responsible for excessive criminal behavior • They claimed distinct body types that refer to muscular “mesomorphs” as more likely to be the body
type of a criminal, which also means that their biological parents are more likely to be criminals
themselves. (Bad families produce bad children)
• The solution to crime (harsher punishments by parents and government to teach morality) could not be
backed with evidence, nor did they discuss the biases of the criminal justice system and how
rehabilitation may be better than vindictiveness.
Choosing to be Criminal: Crime Pays
• Rational choice theory : People commit crime because it pays– because the benefits outweigh the
costs
• This popular explanation of crime has helped to justify numerous get tough policies
Choosing to be Criminal: Crime Pays: Morgan Reynolds
• According to Reynolds, the reason we have so much crime is that the benefits outweigh the costs
1. Need to expand imprisonment
2. Helped legitimate get tough policies
• Reynolds denied most sociological factors as root causes to crime
• Examples of Texas: when crime does not pay, criminals commit fewer crimes because punishment
deters crime. However, other sociological variables were not taken into consideration in his article such
as unemployment, poverty and that makes his analysis argumentative or “misspecified” because he did
not consider other methodological factors. There is a
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