SOC316H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Marketization, Juvenile Delinquency, Pension
SOC316 Lecture 2 January 15th, 2018- Welfare to Crime Control
Foucault: Questions of Method
• He’s interested in ‘how’ questions -> how is it that prison came to be the central form of
punishment? How is law powered there on the sidewalk? How is it that we think it’s necessary?
• Problematization-> how do things become problems? What factors lead to the emergence of it?
• How did crime become a problem to be solved through the prison?
• De-centering the Subject -> look not just at the person but what else is going on to give the
individual the tools to do it
• Ex. “Garland p. 158 “mass media has tapped into, then dramatized and reinforced a new public
experience – an experience with profound psychological resonance”
▪ Media is not the center that changes our opinion of something (its a part of the tory) but its
tapping into something
• History of the present -> interested in the everyday, the little shifts in the way of thinking
• History of systems of thought <- crime control is a new way of thinking of the world, subjects
& how to govern ppl
• Small and contingent struggles, tensions
▪ We’re consuming education -> prof lectures 1 hr & you’re pissed because you paid for it
▪ Or you’re at school to get a job, and Levinsky is there to make it happen, if he doesn’t
there is a struggle
• Learn more from everyday texts and practice -> ex. Syllabus changes over time
▪ Seeing how things have shifted in everyday practice
• Gets us to avid what usually captivates us -> Grand Thinkers
• HoP and De-cen. Subject -> history of systems of though (how has it changed over time)
▪ How do regulations of governing conduct (plagiarism rules) change over time
Modalities of Power
• Power is productive to Foucault
• Produces our sensibilities, who we are, how we think of the world, what a good person looks like
• Power is a zero-sum game (you have it, others don’t)
• It’s not negative -> power in the class = disciplinary power (we’re sitting here listening, not yelling,
but not repressed b/c we can get up and leave)
1. Sovereignty
• Sovereign displays power -> people fear the power of the king
• But its productive- linked to the social fabric of society
• We combine w/ each other, give some of our rights up to the leviathan who’ll keep us safe
• Give up your rights and allow the gov. to speak for you
• Ex. Silly Deans’s Robes
o Spectacle <- have a bunch of people watching
• Get people afraid of your willpower
• This power is still around not gone
2. Disciplinary
• Techniques of normalization
• In schools, prisons
o In school, we test you & compare you to your peers (constantly examining etc)
• Use schedules <- train the mind (soul), control the behaviour
• Look at the soul to reform you -> b/c soul = the prison of the body
o Get people to be self-governing and you can control their body
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Panopticon in prisons
3. Pastoral
• Shepherd and the sheep
• Every member of the flock is important
4. Governmentality
• Not about imposing law on men but of disposing things
• Employing tactics rather than laws and even using laws as tactics
• The way you get people to govern themselves isn’t through strict obedience (ex. Ringing a bell
for recess)
• No necessary thing to be achieved, the ends can change
• Governmentality= Conduct of conduct <- so specific goal or end implied
• Welfare is a particular governmentality and crime control is a different end
▪ Garland looks at what were the means for the change in ends
• How do you produce a population that is easy to govern? You don’t do that w/ a sword but
rather having public announcements or officers etc.
Governing beyond state
• You’re not governed but by the State, there is always some form of governing happening daily
• It’s not about Big brother metaphor (gov. is watching you
• We’re willing to give our privacy for benefits (ex. Netflix)
• Disneyland <- tells us that it’s not just state conducting our conduct
▪ Tells you where to go, where you can’t do, mascots step in to maintain order
▪ You don’t experience it as repression <- its embedded as consensual
▪ Ex. If you take off your shoe b/c of a blister, and they tell you to put your shoe on b/c it’s
not safe, tho its better off to heal the blister, you’ll probably put on the shoe
• Diverse sites -? Transit -> school -> library -> class -> to the state
▪ See a similar shift in governance -> sites resemble each other
• Take all these places, can see these shifts and governmentality (liberal society)-> 3 phases:
liberalism, Welfarism, advanced- liberalism
Characteristics of Welfarism
• Late 1960’s there’s a change -> idea of Correctionalism
o You can treat and rehabilitate offenders
o Juvenile delinquent to young offender <- very different way of describing the offender
o they strayed from this path & could be brought back
• reactions against corporal punishment
o parole and probation emerges, prison systems emerged to get away from corporal
punishment
o moving away from the idea that we have to severely punish
• disciplining and reforming offenders to reintegrate them into society
o indeterminate sentencing <- used for cases where more moral training is required
o how much of a deviant are you? How much do we have to discipline you?
• Concept of Deviance -> CJS can be the answer to crime
• CJS can solve the problem of crime <- we work on deviants & making them upstanding members
of society
Penal Welfarism
• Welfarism is the governmentalization of the state -> where the state becomes central
• The state could be central in governing things
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Soc316 lecture 2 january 15th, 2018- welfare to crime control. Syllabus changes over time: seeing how things have shifted in everyday practice, gets us to avid what usually captivates us -> grand thinkers, hop and de-cen. Subject -> history of systems of though (how has it changed over time: how do regulations of governing conduct (plagiarism rules) change over time. Modalities of power: power is productive to foucault, produces our sensibilities, who we are, how we think of the world, what a good person looks like, power is a zero-sum game (you have it, others don"t) Silly deans"s robes: spectacle
