BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Human Migration, Mitochondrion, Chloroplast Dna

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Triso(cid:373)y (cid:1006)(cid:1005) = do(cid:449)(cid:374)"s sy(cid:374)dro(cid:373)e. both sister chromatids are directed toward one pole. Genes that reside on the x-chromosome show very characteristic inheritance patterns in human pedigrees. e. g. red-green colour blindness. X-linked recessive mutation in humans can go from affected male to unaffected female and affected male usually in males. Genetic linkage: genes inherited together genes that codes for traits on the same chromosome. If they are a good distance apart, they will be separate. Distance determines whether two genes will be assorted together. Crossing over creates recombination between alleles of a gene. The overall frequency of recombinant chromosomes is a measure of the genetic distance between the two genes. Crossing over between two genes results in two recombinant and two nonrecombinant chromosomes. Crossing over may not occur in the interval between 2 linked genes. Crossing over does not always take place between genes of interest.

Related Questions

___1. Nationally, the most common cause of Down Syndrome is
a. nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 during meiosis
b. translocation of Chromosome 21 onto another chromosome
c. inversion of a large section of Chromosome 21
d. deletion of the Down Syndrome gene
___2. In humans, sex is determined by
a. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
b. The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes
c. The temperature during fetal development
d. Which parent is stronger at the time of conception
___3. A translocation is
a. a chromosomal abnormality in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
b. an abnormality in which the chromosomes are translocated out of the nucleus
c. a condition in which the chromosome has broken in two places and come back together with the middle segment backward
d. an abnormality in which there is an extra copy of one chromosome
___ 4. In snapdragons, a red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. But crossing two pink-flowered plants produces red, pink, and white in a 1:2:1 ratio. This is a good example of
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Dominance of the red allele over the white allele
c. Lethal effects of the pink allele
d. Sex-linkage of the flower-color alleles
___ 5. If a person with type AB blood marries a person with Type O blood, what blood types are possible in their children? (Assume this trait is a single-gene trait, not complicated by interaction with other genes).
a. A, B, AB, or O
b. A or B only
c. AB or O only
d. AB only 2
___6. In what phase of meiosis are haploid nuclei first formed? a. Anaphase I b. Metaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Telophase I
___7. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous tall pea plant? a. tall b. Tt c. TT d. tt e. dominant
___ 8. If genes A and B are far apart on a chromosome, and A and C are close together, which of the following observations is expected?
a. Crossing over will occur more often between A and C than between A and B
b. Crossing over will occur at equal frequencies between A and C, and between A and B
c. Crossing over will occur more often between A and B than between A and C
___9. Sometimes an organismâs genotype for one gene masks the effect of a different gene. This phenomenon is called
a. Dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Co-dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Variable expressivity
___10. The dominant allele of a gene is
a. The one that is expressed most often in a population
b. The one that is expressed most often in any particular cross
c. The one that is expressed in an individual that has two different alleles
d. The one that is most healthy to have, that gives the greatest fitness
___11. In human cells, DNA replication occurs
a. In S phase of interphase
b. In G1 phase of interphase
c. In G2 phase of interphase
d. In prophase of mitosis
e. Whenever the cell needs to read the DNA to make proteins
___ 12. A process in which recipient cells take up genes from DNA molecules floating free in the surrounding medium is called
a. conjugation
b. specialized transduction
c. generalized transduction
d. transformation 3
___ 13. Most calico cats are female. However, a few rare males are observed. What is the genotype of a male calico cat?
a. X BX 0
b. X OY
c. X BY
d. X BYY
e. X BX OY
___ 14. A type of red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait in humans. Can a woman have this type of color-blindness?
a. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her mother and father were both heterozygous.
b. Yes, a woman could be color-blind but only if she has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
c. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they lack a Y chromosome.
d. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes.
e. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her father was color-blind and her mother was a carrier (heterozygous).

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.

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If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Human Migration, Mitochondrion, Chloroplast Dna

BIOA01H3 Full Course Notes

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