BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Endergonic Reaction, Electronegativity, Reagent

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19 Nov 2014

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Bia01h3: life on earth unifying principles lecture 22: oxidation and reduction of. How does glucose oxidation release energy: sugar glucose (c6h12o6) = most common energy molecule, g for the complete conversion of glucose is 686kcal/mol. Drives endergonic synthesis of atp: multi-step chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes are involved. Energy transfer: electron transfer redox reactions, phosphate atp hydrolysis/synthesis. Oxidation: removal of electron (or hydrogen atoms, electron donor is oxidized, exergonic energy released. Reduction: addition of electrons (or hydrogen atoms, electron acceptor is reduced, endergonic energy released. Redox reactions: removes electron"s from a donor and added to an acceptor molecule. Electron acceptor is the oxidizing agent (often o2: energy is liberated by oxidation of reducing agent is captured in reduction of oxidizing agent, energy is transferred to energy carriers like nad+ or fad. The oxidation of glucose: combustion (1 step) energy is released as heat/light, metabolism (many steps) energy is released as heat/atp.

Related Questions

Oxidation reduction reactions are coupled and referred to as redox reactions. Electrons are the atomic particles that participate in chemical bonds and are used by cells to generate an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Cells have require ATP to maintain membrane properties and metabolism, because ATP has high energy phosphate bonds that may be cleaved to release energy. Cells synthesize ATP through phosphorylation. Cells must perform many chemical reactions within a certain temperature, pH and osmolarity range. In general chemical reactions in a cell would occur over time without enzymes, and it might require big changes in temperature. Enzymes are organic catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being altered in the process. Review protein structure and function in chapter 2 to understand how enzymes work. Enzymes also may act as 'switches' and be the rate controlling steps in a biochemcial pathway. There are several ways enzyme activity is altered by other factors or physical conditions.

1. The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn't the injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection?

2. How do we know that streptokinase will break down fibrin and not functional tissue?

3. 5 bromouracil is used as an anti cancer drug it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes during DNA replication, name the enzyme site the nucleoside analog is probably binding.

Most of a cell's energy is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates. Glucose is the most common oxidized carbohydrate. There are two types of glucose catabolism respiration and fermentation.

4. Is glucose completely broken down in respiration or fermentation?

greenhedgehog909

15. While texting on your phone, the central nervous system directs your fingers by sending commands that are carried by_________________.

		efferent neurons.
		afferent neurons.
		glial cells.
		schwann cells.
		None of the above

13. Energy can be harvested from the glucose molecule and generate ATP ONLY IF: (Select all that apply)

		mitochondria are present within the cell
		the cell has membrane proteins that can pump hydrogen ions (i.e., H⁺)
		oxygen can accept electrons
		the cell has enzymes that can catalyze reactions in glycolysis (i.e., PFK)
		the cell can carry oxidation-reduction reactions

12. Marathon runners tend to do what is called "carbo loading" (that is, eat a lot of pasta) before their big race. Carbohydrates are source of energy because provide glucose to the cells. Why "carbo loading" is beneficial to the marathon runner?

		The bonds in the carbohydrate/glucose have high potential energy
		Through the process of anabolism the runner will break down the carbohydrate/glucose
		The bonds in the carbohydrate/glucose have low potential energy making easily to chew
		Makes the runner feel full for a longer period of time

9. Energy supports _____________________ to maintain homeostasis, which results in the well-being of the organism.

pucemarten302

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Endergonic Reaction, Electronegativity, Reagent

BIOA01H3 Full Course Notes

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