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BIOA01H3 Lecture : BIOA01 Chapter 17 notes

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ochregiraffe543
14 Apr 2012
School
UTSC
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOA01H3
Professor
Mary Olaveson

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Document Summary

Chapter 17 microevolution: genetic changes within populations. Microevolution: small-scale genetic changes within populations, often in response to shifting environmental circumstances or chance events: example: evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Population: all individual of a single species that live together in the same place and time. Scientists who study microevolution, analyze variation the differences between individuals in natural populations and determine how why these variations are inherited. Darwin recognized importance of heritable variation within populations; also realized that natural selection can change pattern of variation in a population from one generation to the next. Microevolutionary changes results from several processes, not just natural selection, sometimes these processes counteract each other. In some species, individuals vary dramatically in appearance, but most species, the members of a population look pretty much alike. Phenotypic variation: differences in appearance or function that are passed from generation to generation: examples: variations in colour, biochemistry, physiology, internal anatomy, and behaviour.

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Related Questions

What is NOT a requirement for evolution by natural selection to occur?
a) Traits must be inherited
b) Traits must influence reproductive success
c) Inherited traits must have variation within the population
d) Characteristics that are favored (fitness) relate to the immediate environment
e) Variations will appear that will allow the survival of the species in future, unforeseen, circumstances.

Charles Darwin...
a) ... arrived at the idea of natural selection in the Galápagos Islands.
b) ... was the first scientist to suggest evolution.
c) ... claimed that only aggressive and strong individuals would survive and reproduce.
d) ... with Alfred Wallace, published a mechanism for adaptive change, natural selection, and proposed a "tree of life".
e) ... argued that chimpanzees and gorillas were progressively evolving into human beings.

Describe in detail how antibiotic resistance probablyevolved in bacteria based on your understanding of evolution bynatural selection. What is the source of the variations thatnatural selection works upon? How do evolving populations changeover time when the environment suddenly changes (i.e. we discover anew antibiotic drug/therapy)?

1. What is the difference between the different patterns ofselection: directional, stabilizing,anddiversifying?

2. How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how does thatdiffer from the mechanism by which humans acquire variation?

3. What were the key observations made by Darwin to develop thebasic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4. What are the most common misconceptionsabout evolution and why are they not valid arguments againstevolution?

5. The key component of the theory of evolution isnatural selection. Define this process. Why is itcommonly known as “survival of the fittest”? What are examples offactors (selective pressures) that drive evolutionof populations?

6. What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogousstructures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7. Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.