BIOB10H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Electron Shell, Covalent Bond, Glycolipid

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21 May 2018
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Lecture 2: Macromolecules
Atom
The Nature of Biological Molecules
organic molecules: called biochemicals
biochemistry centers around carbon
- binds to up to four other atoms since it has only 4 outer electrons (8 needed to fill shell)
Types of Molecular Bonds in Biochemistry
I. Covalent Bonds
- electron pairs are shared between atoms to make molecules
- atoms are most stable with a full outer electron shell
- the number of covalent bonds formed is determined by the number of electrons needed
to fill outer shell
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Covalent Bonds can lead to:
A) Polar Molecules
B) Non Polar Molecules
C) Ionized Atoms
A) Polar Molecules
- unequal sharing of electrons
If nucleus more positively charged on one atom- will attract electrons more
- atom will become relatively electronegative compared to other atom
eg. Water
- O-H bonds in water are polarized
- [O] partially negative - [H] partially positive
- Biologically important polar molecules have one or more electronegative atoms - usually O, N,
S and/or P
B) Non-Polar Molecules
- equal sharing of electrons
Molecules without electronegative atoms & polar bonds (those consisting of C & H) are
nonpolar
C) Ionized Atoms
- an atom is so strongly electronegative that it can capture electrons from another atom
- becomes an anion
- atom which lost electron is a cation
Types of Molecular Bonds in Biochemistry
II. Non- Covalent Bonds
- Govern interactions between molecules or different parts of a large biological molecule
- such bonds are typically weaker linkages
i. Ionic Bonds
ii. Hydrogen Bonds
iii. Hydrophobic Interactions
i) Ionic Bonds
- atoms/molecules with positive & negative charges that attract each other
-can hold macromolecules together (DNA-protein)
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ii) Hydrogen Bonds
- occurs between polar molecules
eg. Water
-the partially positive H
on one water molecule interacts with the
negatively charged O on the second water
molecule
Macromolecules
- built around carbon
Hydrocarbons - contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Form carbon-containing backbones which may be linear, branched or cyclic
Hydrogen often replaced by functional groups
iii) Hydrophobic Interactions
- non-polar molecules are not charged and cannot
interact with water
- form aggregates to minimize exposure to polar
surroundings
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Document Summary

The nature of biological molecules organic molecules: called biochemicals biochemistry centers around carbon. Binds to up to four other atoms since it has only 4 outer electrons (8 needed to fill shell) Types of molecular bonds in biochemistry: covalent bonds. Electron pairs are shared between atoms to make molecules. Atoms are most stable with a full outer electron shell the number of covalent bonds formed is determined by the number of electrons needed to fill outer shell. Covalent bonds can lead to: polar molecules, non polar molecules, ionized atoms, polar molecules. If nucleus more positively charged on one atom- will attract electrons more. Atom will become relatively electronegative compared to other atom eg. water. [o] partially negative - [h] partially positive. Biologically important polar molecules have one or more electronegative atoms - usually o, n, Molecules without electronegative atoms & polar bonds (those consisting of c & h) are nonpolar: ionized atoms.

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