BIOA02H3 Lecture Notes - Nootropic, Twin, Heritability

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Belief that everything we know and think is a product of our experience with the world. Leibniz"s view: they think human beings as the joint product of nature and nurture, where they gain characteristics that are endowed and of the experiences. Members of the same family may have similar levels of intelligence because they share the same genes and environment-or both. When siblings have the same biological parents but different birthdays, they share the. Fraternal twins: twins who develop from two different eggs that are fertilized by two different sperm-they share average of 50% of the genes. Identical twins: twins who develop from splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm and they share 100% of their genes. Identical twin test scores are strongly correlated when brought up in the same household. But there is also a correlation if they are not brought up in the same house.

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Ch 18 Case Study: 10 Twins Found Strangely Alike

Jim Lewis didnât learn he had a twin until he was 5, and it never sank in. Jim Springer learned he had a twin when he was a little older, but thought his twin was dead. When the two men were 39, researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Study Group, who had been studying twins, reunited them.

The two âJimsâ are famous because they have so many similarities. It amazed the scientists that they even weighed exactly the same, had the same first name, and were both 6 feet tall (1.8 meters).

In addition to their similar physical traits

Both had a dog named Toy.

Each had been married twice.

Each oneâs first wifeâs name was Linda.

Each onesâ second wifeâs was named Betty.

Both had a son named James Allen.

Both smoked Salem cigarettes.

Both drank Miller Lite.

Both had worked as sheriffs, part time.

Both had recurring migraines.

Both bit their nails.

Many of their mannerisms and speech patterns.

Do some reading on genetic control of behavior and answer the questions below.

1. Why are these two men an ideal set of twins in which to study behavior?

2. Do you think the evidence shows that the behaviors listed in the case are 100% genetic?

3. Do you know any identical twins? Are they alike or different? List 4 things about them that are alike and 4 that are different.

4. Can you see any problems that might arise from studying twins raised apart? List 3.

Question: Think about these questions, and post your thoughts on the use of cloning. Specifically, think the about the use of human cloning and discuss the potential impact on society.

Background Discussion: The scientific research terms, cloning means making exact copies of genes, a cell, or an organism. Therefore, cloning has been around for a long time. Identical twins are clones of a single zygote. When a single bacterium reproduces asexually on a petri dish, a colony of cells results, and each member of the colony is a clone of the original cell. Through biotechnology, bacteria now produce clone copies of human genes.

Through recent advances in science, it is possible to produce a clone of a mammal- and perhaps even one day, a human. The parent need not contribute sperm or egg to the process. During the so-called reproductive cloning, a nucleus (which contains the genetic material of a person) from one adult cell is placed in an enucleated egg. That egg is then allowed to develop. The developing embryo is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother, and when birth occurs, the clone is an exact genetic copy of the original parent (of course the clone is younger). The process of cloning whole animals, and certainly humans, has not been perfected. Until it is, therapeutic cloning is more likely to become widespread.

Suppose it were possible to put the nucleus from a cell of a burn victim into an enucleated egg that is forced to become skin cells in the laboratory. These cells could be used to provide grafts of new skin that would not be rejected by the recipient. Would this be a proper use of cloning in humans?

Now, suppose parents want to produce a child free of genetic diseases. Scientists produce an embryo though in vitro fertilization, and then they clone the embryo to produce several embryos. Genetic engineering is then used to remove the genetic defect, and the defect free embryos are implanted into the uterus of a surrogate where they are allowed to grow to term. Would this be proper use of cloning in humans?

What if later scientists were able to produce children with increased intelligence or athletic abilities using the same technique? Would this be an acceptable use of cloning in humans?

BIOA02H3 Lecture Notes - Nootropic, Twin, Heritability

BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes

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